This Day in History
-------------------

2023 - Eight people are killed and seven injured in a mass shooting in Allen, Texas. The perpetrator is killed by a police officer.

2023 - The coronation of Charles III and Camilla as King and Queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms is held in Westminster
Abbey, London.

2013 - Three women, kidnapped and missing for more than a decade, are found alive in Cleveland, Ohio, in the United States.

2010 - In just 36 minutes, the Dow Jones Industrial Average plunged nearly 1,000 points in what is known as the 2010 Flash Crash.

2004 - The final episode of the television sitcom Friends was aired.

2002 - Founding of SpaceX.

2002 - Dutch politician Pim Fortuyn is assassinated following a radio-interview at the Mediapark in Hilversum.

2001 - During a trip to Syria, Pope John Paul II becomes the first pope to enter a mosque.

1999 - The first elections to the devolved Scottish Parliament and Welsh Assembly are held.

1998 - Steve Jobs of Apple Inc. unveils the first iMac.

1998 - Kerry Wood strikes out 20 Houston Astros to tie the major league
record held by Roger Clemens. He threw a one-hitter and did not walk a batter in his fifth career start.

1997 - The Bank of England is given independence from political control, the most significant change in the bank's 300-year history.

1996 - The body of former CIA director William Colby is found washed up on a riverbank in southern Maryland, eight days after he disappeared.

1994 - Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom and French President Francois Mitterrand officiate at the opening of the Channel Tunnel.

1988 - All thirty-six passengers and crew were killed when Wideroe Flight
710 crashed into Mt. Torghatten in Bronnoy.

1984 - One hundred and three Korean Martyrs are canonized by Pope John Paul
II in Seoul.

1983 - The Hitler Diaries are revealed as a hoax after being examined by new experts.

1976 - The 6.5 Mw Friuli earthquake affected Northern Italy with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme), leaving 900-978 dead and 1,700-2,400 injured.

1975 - During a lull in fighting, 100,000 Armenians gather in Beirut for the 60th anniversary commemorations of the Armenian genocide.

1972 - Deniz Gezmis, Yusuf Aslan and Huseyin Inan are executed in Ankara
after being convicted of attempting to overthrow the Constitutional order.

1966 - Myra Hindley and Ian Brady are sentenced to life imprisonment for the Moors murders in England.

1960 - More than 20 million viewers watch the first televised royal wedding when Princess Margaret marries Antony Armstrong-Jones at Westminster Abbey.

1954 - Roger Bannister becomes the first person to run the mile in under four minutes.

1949 - EDSAC, the first practical electronic digital stored-program computer, runs its first operation.

1945 - World War II: The Prague Offensive, the last major battle of the Eastern Front, begins.

1945 - World War II: Axis Sally delivers her last propaganda broadcast to Allied troops.

1942 - World War II: On Corregidor, the last American forces in the Philippines surrender to the Japanese.

1941 - The first flight of the Republic P-47 Thunderbolt.

1941 - At California's March Field, Bob Hope performs his first USO show.

1940 - John Steinbeck is awarded the Pulitzer Prize for his novel The Grapes of Wrath.

1937 - Hindenburg disaster: The German zeppelin Hindenburg catches fire and
is destroyed within a minute while attempting to dock at Lakehurst, New Jersey. Thirty-six people are killed.

1935 - New Deal: Under the authority of the newly-enacted Federal Emergency Relief Administration, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issues Executive Order 7034 to create the Works Progress Administration.

1933 - The Deutsche Studentenschaft attacked Magnus Hirschfeld's Institut
fur Sexualwissenschaft, later burning many of its books.

1916 - Vietnamese Emperor Duy Tan is captured while calling upon the people
to rise up against the French, and is later deposed and exiled to Reunion island.

1916 - Twenty-one Lebanese nationalists are executed in Martyrs' Square, Beirut by Djemal Pasha.

1915 - Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition: The SY Aurora broke loose from
its anchorage during a gale, beginning a 312-day ordeal.

1915 - Babe Ruth, then a pitcher for the Boston Red Sox, hits his first major league home run.

1910 - George V becomes King of Great Britain, Ireland, and many overseas territories, on the death of his father, Edward VII.

1906 - The Russian Constitution of 1906 is adopted (on April 23 by the Julian calendar).

1901 - The first issue of Gorkhapatra, the oldest still running state-owned Nepali newspaper was published.

1889 - The Eiffel Tower is officially opened to the public at the Universal Exposition in Paris.

1882 - The United States Congress passes the Chinese Exclusion Act.

1882 - Thomas Henry Burke and Lord Frederick Cavendish are stabbed to death
by Fenian assassins in Phoenix Park, Dublin.

1877 - Chief Crazy Horse of the Oglala Lakota surrenders to United States troops in Nebraska.

1863 - American Civil War: The Battle of Chancellorsville ends with a major defeat of the Union's Army of the Potomac under Joseph Hooker by the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia under Robert E. Lee.

1861 - American Civil War: Arkansas secedes from the Union.

1857 - The East India Company disbands the 34th Regiment of Bengal Native Infantry whose sepoy Mangal Pandey had earlier revolted against the British
in the lead up to the War of Indian Independence.

1840 - The Penny Black postage stamp becomes valid for use in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

1835 - James Gordon Bennett, Sr. publishes the first issue of the New York Herald.

1801 - Captain Thomas Cochrane in the 14-gun HMS Speedy captures the 32-gun Spanish frigate El Gamo.

1782 - Construction begins on the Grand Palace, the royal residence of the King of Siam in Bangkok, at the command of King Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke.

1757 - English poet Christopher Smart is admitted into St Luke's Hospital for Lunatics in London, beginning his six-year confinement to mental asylums.

1757 - The end of Konbaung-Hanthawaddy War, and the end of Burmese Civil War (1740-1757).

1757 - Battle of Prague: A Prussian army fights an Austrian army in Prague during the Seven Years' War.

1682 - Louis XIV of France moves his court to the Palace of Versailles.

1659 - English Restoration: A faction of the British Army removes Richard Cromwell as Lord Protector of the Commonwealth and reinstalls the Rump Parliament.

1594 - The Dutch city of Coevorden held by the Spanish, falls to a Dutch and English force.

1542 - Francis Xavier reaches Old Goa, the capital of Portuguese India at the time.

1541 - King Henry VIII orders English-language Bibles be placed in every church. In 1539 the Great Bible would be provided for this purpose.

1536 - The Siege of Cuzco commences, in which Incan forces attempt to retake the city of Cuzco from the Spanish.

1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; many scholars consider this the end of the Renaissance.

--- Temp: 8°C | Humidity: 96% | Wind: 0 km/h (gust 0) | Pressure: 998.98 mb
* Origin: Northern Realms (618:400/23)

This Day in History
-------------------

2025 - The Indian Army and the Indian Air Force conduct surgical strikes code-named Operation SINDOOR on terrorist hideouts in Pakistan in response to the Pahalgam Attack that killed 26 people.

2023 - 2023 Tanur boat disaster, At least 22 people are killed when a boat carrying tourists capsizes in Tanur, Malappuram, Kerala, India.

2004 - American businessman Nick Berg is beheaded by Islamist militants. The act is recorded on videotape and released on the Internet.

2002 - A China Northern Airlines MD-82 plunges into the Yellow Sea, killing 112 people.

2002 - An EgyptAir Boeing 737-500 crashes on approach to Tunis-Carthage International Airport, killing 14 people.

2000 - Vladimir Putin is inaugurated as president of Russia.

1999 - In Guinea-Bissau, President Joao Bernardo Vieira is ousted in a military coup.

1999 - Kosovo War: Three Chinese citizens are killed and 20 wounded when a NATO aircraft inadvertently bombs the Chinese embassy in Belgrade, Serbia.

1999 - Pope John Paul II travels to Romania, becoming the first pope to visit a predominantly Eastern Orthodox country since the Great Schism in 1054.

1998 - Mercedes-Benz buys Chrysler for US$40 billion and forms
DaimlerChrysler in the largest industrial merger in history.

1994 - Edvard Munch's painting The Scream is recovered undamaged after being stolen from the National Gallery of Norway in February.

1992 - Three employees at a McDonald's Restaurant in Sydney, Nova Scotia, Canada, are brutally murdered and a fourth permanently disabled after a botched robbery. It is the first "fast-food murder" in Canada.

1992 - Space Shuttle program: The Space Shuttle Endeavour is launched on its first mission, STS-49.

1992 - Michigan ratifies a 203-year-old proposed amendment to the United States Constitution making the 27th Amendment law. This amendment bars the U.S. Congress from giving itself a mid-term pay raise.

1991 - A fire and explosion occurs at a fireworks factory at Sungai Buloh, Malaysia, killing 26.

1986 - Canadian Patrick Morrow becomes the first person to climb each of the Seven Summits.

1964 - Pacific Airlines Flight 773 is hijacked by Francisco Gonzales and crashes in Contra Costa County, California, killing 44.

1960 - Cold War: U-2 Crisis of 1960: Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev
announces that his nation is holding American U-2 pilot Gary Powers.

1954 - Indochina War: The Battle of Dien Bien Phu ends in a French defeat and a Viet Minh victory (the battle began on March 13).

1952 - The concept of the integrated circuit, the basis for all modern computers, is first published by Geoffrey Dummer.

1948 - The Council of Europe is founded during the Hague Congress.

1946 - Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering (later renamed Sony) is founded.

1945 - World War II: Last German U-boat attack of the war, two freighters are sunk off the Firth of Forth, Scotland.

1942 - World War II: During the Battle of the Coral Sea, United States Navy aircraft carrier aircraft attack and sink the Imperial Japanese Navy light aircraft carrier Shoho; the battle marks the first time in naval history
that two enemy fleets fight without visual contact between warring ships.

1940 - World War II: The Norway Debate in the British House of Commons
begins, and leads to the replacement of Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain with Winston Churchill three days later.

1937 - Spanish Civil War: The German Condor Legion, equipped with Heinkel He 51 biplanes, arrives in Spain to assist Francisco Franco's forces.

1931 - The stand-off between criminal Francis Crowley and 300 members of the New York Police Department takes place in his fifth-floor apartment on West 91st Street, New York City.

1930 - The 7.1 Mw Salmas earthquake shakes northwestern Iran and
southeastern Turkey with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). Up to three-thousand people were killed.

1920 - Treaty of Moscow: Soviet Russia recognizes the independence of the Democratic Republic of Georgia only to invade the country six months later.

1920 - Polish-Soviet War: Kyiv offensive: Polish troops led by Jozef
Pilsudski and Edward Rydz-Smigly and assisted by a symbolic Ukrainian
force capture Kyiv only to be driven out by the Red Army counter-offensive a month later.

1915 - The Republic of China accedes to 13 of the 21 Demands, extending the Empire of Japan's control over Manchuria and the Chinese economy.

1915 - World War I: German submarine U-20 sinks RMS Lusitania, killing 1,199 people, including 128 Americans. Public reaction to the sinking turns many former pro-Germans in the United States against the German Empire.

1895 - In Saint Petersburg, Russian scientist Alexander Stepanovich Popov demonstrates to the Russian Physical and Chemical Society his invention, the Popov lightning detector--a primitive radio receiver. In some parts of the former Soviet Union the anniversary of this day is celebrated as Radio Day.

1864 - The world's oldest surviving clipper ship, the City of Adelaide is launched by William Pile, Hay and Co. in Sunderland, England, for
transporting passengers and goods between Britain and Australia.

1864 - American Civil War: The Army of the Potomac, under General Ulysses S. Grant, breaks off from the Battle of the Wilderness and moves southwards.

1846 - The Cambridge Chronicle, America's oldest surviving weekly newspaper, is published for the first time in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

1840 - The Great Natchez Tornado strikes Natchez, Mississippi killing 317 people. It is the second deadliest tornado in United States history.

1832 - Greece's independence is recognized by the Treaty of London.

1824 - World premiere of Ludwig van Beethoven's Ninth Symphony in Vienna, Austria. The performance is conducted by Michael Umlauf under the composer's supervision.

1798 - French Revolutionary Wars: A French force attempting to dislodge a small British garrison on the Iles Saint-Marcouf is repulsed with heavy losses.

1794 - French Revolution: Robespierre introduces the Cult of the Supreme
Being in the National Convention as the new state religion of the French
First Republic.

1765 - HMS Victory is launched at Chatham Dockyard, Kent. She is not commissioned until 1778.

1763 - Pontiac's War begins with Pontiac's attempt to seize Fort Detroit from the British.

1718 - The city of New Orleans is founded by Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville.

1697 - Stockholm's royal castle (dating back to medieval times) is destroyed by fire. It is replaced in the 18th century by the current Royal Palace.

1685 - Battle of Vrtijeljka between rebels and Ottoman forces.

1664 - Inaugural celebrations begin at Louis XIV's new Palace of Versailles.

1625 - State funeral of James VI and I (1566-1625) is held at Westminster Abbey.

1544 - The Burning of Edinburgh by an English army is the first action of the Rough Wooing.

1487 - The Siege of Malaga commences during the Spanish Reconquista.

1342 - In Avignon, France, Cardinal Pierre Roger is elected Pope and takes
the name Clement VI.

1274 - In France, the Second Council of Lyon opens; it ratified a decree to regulate the election of the Pope.

558 - In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses, twenty years after its construction. Justinian I immediately orders that the dome be rebuilt.

351 - The Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus breaks out after his arrival at Antioch.

--- Temp: 7°C | Humidity: 72% | Wind: 6 km/h (gust 7) | Pressure: 1002.71 mb
* Origin: Northern Realms (618:400/23)

This Day in History
-------------------

2025 - The 2025 papal conclave elects Cardinal Robert Francis Prevost, taking the name Leo XIV as the 267th Pope of the Catholic Church.

2021 - A car bomb explodes in front of a school in Kabul, capital city of Afghanistan killing at least 55 people and wounding over 150.

2019 - British 17-year-old Isabelle Holdaway is reported to be the first patient ever to receive a genetically modified phage therapy to treat a drug-resistant infection.

1997 - China Southern Airlines Flight 3456 crashes on approach into Bao'an International Airport, killing 35 people.

1988 - A fire at Illinois Bell's Hinsdale Central Office triggers an extended 1AESS network outage once considered to be the "worst telecommunications disaster in US telephone industry history".

1987 - The SAS kills eight Provisional Irish Republican Army volunteers and a civilian during an ambush in Loughgall, Northern Ireland.

1984 - The Thames Barrier is officially opened, preventing the floodplain of most of Greater London from being flooded except under extreme circumstances.

1984 - The Soviet Union announces a boycott upon the Summer Olympics at Los Angeles, later joined by 14 other countries.

1984 - Corporal Denis Lortie enters the Quebec National Assembly and opens fire, killing three people and wounding 13. Rene Jalbert, Sergeant-at-Arms
of the Assembly, succeeds in calming him, for which he will later receive the Cross of Valour.

1980 - The World Health Organization confirms the eradication of smallpox.

1978 - The first ascent of Mount Everest without supplemental oxygen, by Reinhold Messner and Peter Habeler.

1976 - The rollercoaster The New Revolution, the first steel coaster with a vertical loop, opens at Six Flags Magic Mountain.

1973 - A 71-day standoff between federal authorities and the American Indian Movement members occupying the Pine Ridge Reservation at Wounded Knee, South Dakota ends with the surrender of the militants.

1972 - Vietnam War: U.S. President Richard Nixon announces his order to place naval mines in major North Vietnamese ports in order to stem the flow of weapons and other goods to that nation.

1970 - The Beatles release their 12th and final studio album Let It Be.

1967 - The Philippine province of Davao is split into three: Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, and Davao Oriental.

1963 - South Vietnamese soldiers under the Roman Catholic President Ngo Dinh Diem open fire on Buddhists defying a ban on the flying of the Buddhist flag on Vesak, killing nine and sparking the Buddhist crisis.

1957 - South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem began a state visit to the United States, his regime's main sponsor.

1950 - The Tollund Man was discovered in a peat bog near Silkeborg, Denmark.

1946 - Estonian schoolgirls Aili Jogi and Ageeda Paavel blow up the Soviet memorial which preceded the Bronze Soldier of Tallinn.

1945 - The Halifax riot starts when thousands of civilians and servicemen rampage through Halifax, Nova Scotia.

1945 - Hundreds of Algerian civilians are killed by French Army soldiers in the Setif massacre.

1945 - End of the Prague uprising, celebrated now as a national holiday in
the Czech Republic.

1945 - World War II: The German Instrument of Surrender signed at Berlin-Karlshorst comes into effect.

1942 - World War II: Gunners of the Ceylon Garrison Artillery on Horsburgh Island in the Cocos Islands rebel in the Cocos Islands Mutiny. Their mutiny
is crushed and three of them are executed, the only British Commonwealth soldiers to be executed for mutiny during the Second World War.

1942 - World War II: The Battle of the Coral Sea comes to an end with
Imperial Japanese Navy aircraft carrier aircraft attacking and sinking the United States Navy aircraft carrier USS Lexington.

1942 - World War II: The German 11th Army begins Operation Trappenjagd (Bustard Hunt) and destroys the bridgehead of the three Soviet armies defending the Kerch Peninsula.

1941 - World War II: The German Luftwaffe launches a bombing raid on Nottingham and Derby.

1933 - Mohandas Gandhi begins a 21-day fast of self-purification and launched a one-year campaign to help the Harijan movement.

1927 - Attempting to make the first non-stop transatlantic flight from Paris to New York, French war heroes Charles Nungesser and Francois Coli disappear after taking off aboard The White Bird biplane.

1924 - The Klaipeda Convention is signed formally incorporating Klaipeda Region (Memel Territory) into Lithuania.

1921 - The creation of the Communist Party of Romania.

1919 - Edward George Honey proposes the idea of a moment of silence to commemorate the Armistice of 11 November 1918 which ended World War I.

1902 - In Martinique, Mount Pelee erupts, destroying the town of
Saint-Pierre and killing over 30,000 people. Only a handful of residents survive the blast.

1899 - The Irish Literary Theatre in Dublin produced its first play.

1898 - The first games of the Italian football league system are played.

1886 - Pharmacist John Pemberton first sells a carbonated beverage named "Coca-Cola" as a patent medicine.

1877 - At Gilmore's Gardens in New York City, the first Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show opens.

1846 - Mexican-American War: American forces led by Zachary Taylor defeat a Mexican force north of the Rio Grande in the first major battle of the war.

1842 - A train derails and catches fire in Paris, killing between 52 and 200 people.

1821 - Greek War of Independence: The Greeks defeat the Turks at the Battle
of Gravia Inn.

1794 - Branded a traitor during the Reign of Terror, French chemist Antoine Lavoisier, who was also a tax collector with the Ferme generale, is tried, convicted and guillotined in one day in Paris.

1788 - King Louis XVI of France attempts to impose the reforms of Etienne Charles de Lomenie de Brienne by abolishing the parlements.

1721 - In the Papal States, Cardinal Michelangelo dei Conti is elected Pope, and takes the name Innocent XIII.

1639 - William Coddington founds Newport, Rhode Island.

1608 - A newly nationalized silver mine in Scotland at Hilderston, West Lothian is re-opened by Bevis Bulmer.

1541 - Hernando de Soto stops near present-day Walls, Mississippi, and sees the Mississippi River (then known by the Spanish as Rio de Espiritu Santo,
the name given to it by Alonso Alvarez de Pineda in 1519).

1516 - A group of imperial guards, led by Trinh Duy San, murdered Emperor
Le Tuong Duc and fled, leaving the capital Thang Long undefended.

1450 - Kentishmen revolt against King Henry VI.

1429 - Joan of Arc lifts the Siege of Orleans, turning the tide of the
Hundred Years' War.

1373 - Julian of Norwich, a Christian mystic and anchoress, experiences the deathbed visions described in her Revelations of Divine Love.

1360 - Treaty of Bretigny drafted between King Edward III of England and
King John II of France (the Good).

589 - Reccared I opens the Third Council of Toledo, marking the entry of Visigothic Spain into the Catholic Church.

413 - Emperor Honorius signs an edict providing tax relief for the Italian provinces Tuscia, Campania, Picenum, Samnium, Apulia, Lucania and Calabria, which were plundered by the Visigoths.

453 BC - Spring and Autumn period: The house of Zhao defeats the house of
Zhi, ending the Battle of Jinyang, a military conflict between the elite families of the State of Jin.

--- Temp: 6°C | Humidity: 89% | Wind: 0 km/h (gust 0) | Pressure: 1002.71 mb
* Origin: Northern Realms (618:400/23)

This Day in History
-------------------

2023 - The May 9 riots following the arrest of Imran Khan in Pakistan.

2022 - Russo-Ukrainian War: United States President Joe Biden signs the 2022 Lend-Lease Act into law, a rebooted World War II-era policy expediting American equipment to Ukraine and other Eastern European countries.

2020 - The COVID-19 recession causes the U.S. unemployment rate to hit 14.9 percent, its worst rate since the Great Depression.

2018 - Barisan Nasional, the coalition that had governed Malaysia since the country's independence in 1957, suffer an historic defeat in the 2018 Malaysian general election.

2002 - The 38-day stand-off in the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem comes to an end when the Palestinians inside agree to have 13 suspected terrorists among them deported to several different countries.

2001 - In Ghana, 129 football fans die in what became known as the Accra Sports Stadium disaster. The deaths are caused by a stampede (caused by the firing of tear gas by police personnel at the stadium) that followed a controversial decision by the referee.

1992 - Westray Mine disaster kills 26 workers in Nova Scotia, Canada.

1992 - Armenian forces capture Shusha, marking a major turning point in the First Nagorno-Karabakh War.

1988 - New Parliament House, Canberra officially opens.

1987 - LOT Flight 5055 Tadeusz Kosciuszko crashes after takeoff in Warsaw, Poland, killing all 183 people on board.

1980 - In Norco, California, United States, five masked gunmen hold up a Security Pacific bank, leading to a violent shoot-out and one of the largest pursuits in California history. Two of the gunmen and one police officer are killed and thirty-three police and civilian vehicles are destroyed in the chase.

1980 - In Florida, United States, Liberian freighter MV Summit Venture collides with the Sunshine Skyway Bridge over Tampa Bay, making a 430-meter (1,400 ft) section of the southbound span collapse. Thirty-five people in
six cars and a Greyhound bus fall 46 metres (150 ft) into the water and die.

1979 - Iranian Jewish businessman Habib Elghanian is executed by firing squad in Tehran, prompting the mass exodus of the once 100,000-strong Jewish community of Iran.

1974 - Watergate scandal: The United States House Committee on the Judiciary opens formal and public impeachment hearings against President Richard Nixon.

1969 - Carlos Lamarca leads the first urban guerrilla action against the military dictatorship of Brazil in Sao Paulo, by robbing two banks.

1960 - The Food and Drug Administration announces it will approve birth control as an additional indication for Searle's Enovid, making Enovid the world's first approved oral contraceptive pill.

1955 - Cold War: West Germany joins NATO.

1950 - Robert Schuman presents the "Schuman Declaration", considered by some to be the beginning of the creation of what is now the European Union.

1948 - Czechoslovakia's Ninth-of-May Constitution comes into effect.

1946 - King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy abdicates and is succeeded by
Umberto II.

1945 - World War II: the Channel Islands are liberated from Nazi occupation.

1942 - The Holocaust in Ukraine: The SS executes 588 Jewish residents of the Podolian town of Zinkiv (Khmelnytska oblast. The Zoludek Ghetto (in Belarus) is destroyed and all its inhabitants executed or deported.

1941 - World War II: The German submarine U-110 is captured by the Royal
Navy. On board is the latest Enigma machine which Allied cryptographers later use to break coded German messages.

1936 - Italy formally annexes Ethiopia after taking the capital Addis Ababa
on May 5.

1927 - The Old Parliament House, Canberra, Australia, officially opens.

1926 - Admiral Richard E. Byrd and Floyd Bennett claim to have flown over the North Pole (later discovery of Byrd's diary appears to cast some doubt on the claim.)

1920 - Polish-Soviet War: The Polish army under General Edward Rydz-Smigly celebrates its capture of Kiev with a victory parade on Khreshchatyk.

1918 - World War I: Germany repels Britain's second attempt to blockade the port of Ostend, Belgium.

1915 - World War I: Second Battle of Artois between German and French forces.

1901 - Australia opens its first national parliament in Melbourne.

1877 - Mihail Kogalniceanu reads, in the Chamber of Deputies, the
Declaration of Independence of Romania. The date will become recognised as
the Independence Day of Romania.

1873 - Der Krach: The Vienna stock exchange crash begins the Panic of 1873
and heralds the Long Depression.

1865 - American Civil War: President Andrew Johnson issues a proclamation ending belligerent rights of the rebels and enjoining foreign nations to intern or expel Confederate ships.

1865 - American Civil War: Nathan Bedford Forrest surrenders his forces at Gainesville, Alabama.

1864 - Second Schleswig War: The Danish navy defeats the Austrian and
Prussian fleets in the Battle of Heligoland.

1761 - Exhibition of 1761, the inaugural exhibition of the Society of Artists of Great Britain opens at Spring Gardens in London.

1726 - Five men arrested during a raid on Mother Clap's molly house in London are executed at Tyburn.

1671 - Thomas Blood, disguised as a clergyman, attempts to steal England's Crown Jewels from the Tower of London.

1662 - The figure who later became Mr. Punch makes his first recorded appearance in England.

1540 - Hernando de Alarcon sets sail on an expedition to the Gulf of California.

1450 - Timurid monarch 'Abd al-Latif is assassinated.

1386 - England and Portugal formally ratify their alliance with the signing
of the Treaty of Windsor, making it the oldest diplomatic alliance in the world which is still in force.

1009 - Lombard Revolt: Lombard forces led by Melus revolt in Bari against the Byzantine Catepanate of Italy.

328 - Athanasius is elected Patriarch of Alexandria.

--- Temp: 10°C | Humidity: 94% | Wind: 2 km/h (gust 3) | Pressure: 996.95 mb
* Origin: Northern Realms (618:400/23)

This Day in History
-------------------

2024 - Start of the May 2024 Solar Storms, the most powerful set of Geomagnetic storms since the 2003 Halloween solar storms.

2022 - Queen Elizabeth II misses the State Opening of Parliament for the
first time in 59 years. It was the first time that a new session of
Parliament was opened by the Prince of Wales and the Duke of Cambridge acting as Counsellors of State.

2017 - Syrian civil war: The Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) capture the last footholds of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) in Al-Tabqah, bringing the Battle of Tabqa to an end.

2013 - One World Trade Center becomes the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere.

2012 - The Damascus bombings are carried out using a pair of car bombs detonated by suicide bombers outside a military intelligence complex in Damascus, Syria, killing 55 people.

2005 - A hand grenade thrown by Vladimir Arutyunian lands about 20 m from
U.S. President George W. Bush while he is giving a speech to a crowd in Tbilisi, Georgia, but it malfunctions and does not detonate.

2002 - FBI agent Robert Hanssen is sentenced to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole for selling United States secrets to Russia for
$1.4 million in cash and diamonds.

1997 - The 7.3 Mw Qayen earthquake strikes Iran's Khorasan Province killing 1,567 people.

1996 - A blizzard strikes Mount Everest, killing eight climbers by the next day.

1994 - Nelson Mandela is inaugurated as South Africa's first black president.

1993 - In Thailand, a fire at the Kader Toy Factory kills over 200 workers.

1975 - Sony introduces the Betamax videocassette recorder.

1969 - Vietnam War: The Battle of Dong Ap Bia begins with an assault on Hill 937. It will ultimately become known as Hamburger Hill.

1967 - The Northrop M2-F2 crashes on landing, becoming the inspiration for
the novel Cyborg and TV series The Six Million Dollar Man.

1962 - Marvel Comics publishes the first issue of The Incredible Hulk.

1961 - Air France Flight 406 is destroyed by a bomb over the Sahara, killing 78.

1946 - First successful launch of an American V-2 rocket at White Sands Proving Ground.

1942 - World War II: The Thai Phayap Army invades the Shan States during the Burma Campaign.

1941 - World War II: Rudolf Hess parachutes into Scotland to try to negotiate a peace deal between the United Kingdom and Nazi Germany.

1941 - World War II: The House of Commons in London is damaged by the Luftwaffe in an air raid.

1940 - World War II: Winston Churchill is appointed Prime Minister of the United Kingdom following the resignation of Neville Chamberlain. On the same day, Germany invades France, The Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg. Meanwhile, the United Kingdom occupies Iceland.

1940 - World War II: German fighters accidentally bomb the German city of Freiburg.

1933 - Censorship: In Germany, the Nazis stage massive public book burnings.

1924 - J. Edgar Hoover is appointed first Director of the United States' Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), and remains so until his death in 1972.

1922 - The United States annexes the Kingman Reef.

1916 - Sailing in the lifeboat James Caird, Ernest Shackleton arrives at
South Georgia after a journey of 800 nautical miles from Elephant Island.

1908 - Mother's Day is observed for the first time in the United States, in Grafton, West Virginia.

1904 - The Horch & Cir. Motorwagenwerke AG is founded. It would eventually become the Audi company.

1899 - Finnish farmworker Karl Emil Malmelin kills seven people with an axe
at the Simola croft in the village of Klaukkala.

1881 - Carol I is crowned the King of the Romanian Kingdom.

1876 - The Centennial Exposition is opened in Philadelphia.

1872 - Victoria Woodhull becomes the first woman nominated for President of the United States.

1869 - The First transcontinental railroad, linking the eastern and western United States, is completed at Promontory Summit, Utah Territory with the golden spike.

1865 - American Civil War: In Kentucky, Union soldiers ambush and mortally wound Confederate raider William Quantrill, who lingers until his death on June 6.

1857 - Indian Rebellion of 1857: In India, the first war of Independence begins. Sepoys mutiny against their commanding officers at Meerut.

1849 - Astor Place Riot: A riot breaks out at the Astor Opera House in Manhattan, New York City over a dispute between actors Edwin Forrest and William Charles Macready, killing at least 22 and injuring over 120.

1837 - Panic of 1837: New York City banks suspend the payment of specie, triggering a national banking crisis and an economic depression whose
severity was not surpassed until the Great Depression.

1833 - A revolt broke out in southern Vietnam against Emperor Minh Mang, who had desecrated the deceased mandarin Le Van Duyet.

1824 - The National Gallery in London opens to the public.

1801 - First Barbary War: The Barbary pirates of Tripoli declare war on the United States of America.

1796 - War of the First Coalition: Napoleon wins a victory against Austrian forces at Lodi bridge over the Adda River in Italy. The Austrians lose some 2,000 men.

1775 - American Revolutionary War: The Second Continental Congress takes
place in Philadelphia.

1775 - American Revolutionary War: A small Colonial militia led by Ethan
Allen and Colonel Benedict Arnold captures Fort Ticonderoga.

1774 - Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette become King and Queen of France.

1773 - The Parliament of Great Britain passes the Tea Act, designed to save the British East India Company by reducing taxes on its tea and granting it the right to sell tea directly to North America. The legislation leads to the Boston Tea Party.

1768 - Rioting occurs in London after John Wilkes is imprisoned for writing
an article for The North Briton severely criticising King George III.

1713 - Great Northern War: The Russian Navy led by Admiral Fyodor Apraksin land both at Katajanokka and Hietalahti during the Battle of Helsinki.

1688 - King Narai nominates Phetracha as regent, leading to the revolution of 1688 in which Phetracha becomes king of the Ayutthaya Kingdom.

1534 - Jacques Cartier visits Newfoundland.

1503 - Christopher Columbus visits the Cayman Islands and names them Las Tortugas after the numerous turtles there.

1497 - Amerigo Vespucci allegedly leaves Cadiz for his first voyage to the
New World.

1294 - Temur, Khagan of the Mongols, is enthroned as Emperor of the Yuan dynasty.

1291 - Scottish nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England pending the selection of a king.

28 BC - A sunspot is observed by Han dynasty astronomers during the reign of Emperor Cheng of Han, one of the earliest dated sunspot observations in China.

--- Temp: 10°C | Humidity: 58% | Wind: 1 km/h (gust 1) | Pressure: 1021.67 mb
* Origin: Northern Realms (618:400/23)

This Day in History
-------------------

2024 - The 68th edition of the Eurovision Song Contest is held in Malmo, Sweden. Nemo from Switzerland wins with their song "The Code", making them
the contest's first non-binary winner.

2024 - Start/Middle of the May 2024 Solar Storms, the most powerful set of Geomagnetic storms since the 2003 Halloween solar storms.

2022 - Palestinian-American journalist Shireen Abu Akleh is killed while covering a raid in Jenin. Israel eventually admitted and apologized for the murder, after initial denials.

2022 - The Burmese military executes at least 37 villagers during the Mon Taing Pin massacre in Sagaing, Myanmar.

2016 - One hundred and ten people are killed in an ISIL bombing in Baghdad.

2014 - Fifteen people are killed and 46 injured in Kinshasa, DRC, in a stampede caused by tear gas being thrown into soccer stands by police officers.

2013 - Fifty-two people are killed in a bombing in Reyhanli, Turkey.

2011 - The Istanbul Convention is signed in Istanbul, Turkey.

2011 - An earthquake of magnitude 5.1 hits Lorca, Spain.

2010 - David Cameron takes office as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom as the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats form the country's first coalition government since the Second World War.

2009 - Space Shuttle Atlantis is launched on the final mission to service the Hubble Space Telescope.

2009 - An American soldier in Iraq opens fire on a counseling center at Camp Liberty in Baghdad, killing five other US soldiers and wounding three.

2000 - Second Chechen War: Chechen separatists ambush Russian paramilitary forces in the Republic of Ingushetia.

1998 - India conducts three underground atomic tests in Pokhran.

1997 - Deep Blue, a chess-playing supercomputer, defeats Garry Kasparov in
the last game of the rematch, becoming the first computer to beat a world-champion chess player in a classic match format.

1996 - After the aircraft's departure from Miami, a fire started by
improperly handled chemical oxygen generators in the cargo hold of Atlanta-bound ValuJet Airlines Flight 592 causes the Douglas DC-9 to crash in the Florida Everglades, killing all 110 on board.

1987 - Klaus Barbie goes on trial in Lyon for war crimes committed during World War II.

1985 - Fifty-six spectators die and more than 200 are injured in the Bradford City stadium fire.

1973 - Aeroflot Flight 6551 crashes in Semey, Kazakh Soviet Socialist
Republic (now Kazakhstan), killing all 63 aboard.

1973 - Citing government misconduct, Daniel Ellsberg's charges for his involvement in releasing the Pentagon Papers to The New York Times are dismissed.

1970 - The 1970 Lubbock tornado kills 26 and causes $250 million in damage.

1919 - Uruguay becomes a signatory to the Buenos Aires copyright treaty.

1894 - Four thousand Pullman Palace Car Company workers go on a wildcat strike.

1889 - An attack upon a U.S. Army paymaster and escort results in the theft
of over $28,000 and the award of two Medals of Honor.

1880 - Seven people are killed in the Mussel Slough Tragedy, a gun battle in California.

1878 - Hodel assassination attempt by anarchist Max Hodel targeting the
German Kaiser, Wilhelm I.

1857 - Indian Rebellion of 1857: Indian rebels seize Delhi from the British.

1813 - William Lawson, Gregory Blaxland and William Wentworth discover a
route across the Blue Mountains, opening up inland Australia to settlement.

1812 - Prime Minister Spencer Perceval is assassinated by John Bellingham in the lobby of the British House of Commons.

1713 - Great Northern War: After losing the Battle of Helsinki to the Russians, the Swedish and Finnish troops burn the entire city, so that it would not remain intact in the hands of the Russians.

1258 - Louis IX of France and James I of Aragon sign the Treaty of Corbeil, renouncing claims of feudal overlordship in one another's territories and separating the House of Barcelona from the politics of France.

1068 - Matilda of Flanders, wife of William the Conqueror, is crowned Queen
of England.

973 - In the first coronation ceremony ever held for an English monarch,
Edgar the Peaceful is crowned King of England, having ruled since 959 AD. His wife, AElfthryth, is crowned queen, the first recorded coronation for a Queen of England.

868 - A copy of the Diamond Sutra is published, the earliest dated and
printed book known.

330 - Constantine the Great dedicates the much-expanded and rebuilt city of Byzantium, changing its name to New Rome and declaring it the new capital of the Eastern Roman Empire.

--- Temp: 8°C | Humidity: 63% | Wind: 0 km/h (gust 1) | Pressure: 1029.46 mb
* Origin: Northern Realms (618:400/23)

This Day in History
-------------------

2024 - Middle/End of the May 2024 Solar Storms, the most powerful set of Geomagnetic storms since the 2003 Halloween solar storms.

2018 - Paris knife attack: A man is fatally shot by police in Paris after killing one and injuring several others.

2017 - The WannaCry ransomware attack impacts over 400,000 computers worldwide, targeting computers of the United Kingdom's National Health Services and Telefonica computers.

2015 - Massive Nepal earthquake kills 218 people and injures more than 3,500.

2015 - A train derailment in Philadelphia, United States, kills eight people and injures more than 200.

2010 - Afriqiyah Airways Flight 771 crashes on final approach to Tripoli International Airport in Tripoli, Libya, killing 103 out of the 104 people on board.

2008 - U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement conducts the largest-ever
raid of a workplace in Postville, Iowa, arresting nearly 400 immigrants for identity theft and document fraud.

2008 - An earthquake (measuring around 8.0 magnitude) occurs in Sichuan, China, killing over 69,000 people.

2006 - Iranian Azeris interpret a cartoon published in an Iranian magazine as insulting, resulting in massive riots throughout the country.

2006 - Mass unrest by the Primeiro Comando da Capital begins in Sao Paulo (Brazil), leaving at least 150 dead.

2003 - The Riyadh compound bombings in Saudi Arabia, carried out by al-Qaeda, kill 39 people.

2002 - Former US President Jimmy Carter arrives in Cuba for a five-day visit with Fidel Castro, becoming the first President of the United States, in or out of office, to visit the island since the Cuban Revolution.

1989 - The San Bernardino train disaster kills four people, only to be followed a week later by an underground gasoline pipeline explosion, which kills two more people.

1982 - During a procession outside the shrine of the Virgin Mary in Fatima, Portugal, security guards overpower Juan Maria Fernandez y Krohn before he
can attack Pope John Paul II with a bayonet.

1978 - In Zaire, rebels occupy the city of Kolwezi, the mining center of the province of Shaba (now known as Katanga); the local government asks the US, France and Belgium to restore order.

1975 - Indochina Wars: Democratic Kampuchea naval forces capture the SS Mayaguez.

1968 - Vietnam War: North Vietnamese and Viet Cong forces attack Australian troops defending Fire Support Base Coral.

1965 - The Soviet spacecraft Luna 5 crashes on the Moon.

1949 - Cold War: The Soviet Union lifts its blockade of Berlin.

1942 - World War II: The U.S. tanker SS Virginia is torpedoed in the mouth of the Mississippi River by the German submarine U-507.

1942 - World War II: Second Battle of Kharkov: In eastern Ukraine, Red Army forces under Marshal Semyon Timoshenko launch a major offensive from the
Izium bridgehead, only to be encircled and destroyed by the troops of Army Group South two weeks later.

1941 - Konrad Zuse presents the Z3, the world's first working programmable, fully automatic computer, in Berlin.

1937 - King George VI and Queen Elizabeth of the United Kingdom are crowned
in Westminster Abbey.

1933 - President Roosevelt signs legislation creating the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, the predecessor of the Federal Emergency Management Agency.

1933 - The Agricultural Adjustment Act, which restricts agricultural production through government purchase of livestock for slaughter and paying subsidies to farmers when they remove land from planting, is signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

1932 - Ten weeks after his abduction, Charles Jr., the infant son of Charles Lindbergh, is found dead near Hopewell, New Jersey, just a few miles from the Lindberghs' home.

1926 - The 1926 United Kingdom general strike ends.

1926 - The Italian-built airship Norge becomes the first vessel to fly over the North Pole.

1885 - North-West Rebellion: The four-day Battle of Batoche, pitting rebel Metis against the Canadian government, comes to an end with a decisive rebel defeat.

1881 - In North Africa, Tunisia becomes a French protectorate.

1870 - The Manitoba Act is given the Royal Assent, paving the way for
Manitoba to become a province of Canada on July 15.

1865 - American Civil War: The Battle of Palmito Ranch: The first day of the last major land action to take place during the Civil War, resulting in a Confederate victory.

1864 - American Civil War: The Battle of Spotsylvania Court House: Union troops assault a Confederate salient known as the "Mule Shoe", with some of the fiercest fighting of the war, much of it hand-to-hand combat, occurring
at "the Bloody Angle" on the northwest.

1863 - American Civil War: Battle of Raymond: Two divisions of James B. McPherson's XVII Corps turn the left wing of Confederate General John C. Pemberton's defensive line on Fourteen Mile Creek, opening up the interior of Mississippi to the Union Army during the Vicksburg Campaign.

1862 - American Civil War: Union Army troops occupy Baton Rouge, Louisiana.

1846 - The Donner Party of pioneers departs Independence, Missouri for California, on what will become a year-long journey of hardship and cannibalism.

1821 - The first major battle of the Greek War of Independence against the Turks is fought in Valtetsi.

1808 - Finnish War: Swedish-Finnish troops, led by Captain Karl Wilhelm
Malmi, conquer the city of Kuopio from Russians after the Battle of Kuopio.

1797 - War of the First Coalition: Napoleon Bonaparte conquers Venice.

1780 - American Revolutionary War: In the largest defeat of the Continental Army, Charleston, South Carolina is taken by British forces.

1778 - Heinrich XI, count of the Principality of Reuss-Greiz, is elevated to Prince by Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor.

1743 - Maria Theresa of Austria is crowned Queen of Bohemia after defeating her rival, Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor.

1593 - London playwright Thomas Kyd is arrested and tortured by the Privy Council for libel.

1588 - French Wars of Religion: Henry III of France flees Paris after Henry
I, Duke of Guise, enters the city and a spontaneous uprising occurs.

1551 - National University of San Marcos, the oldest university in the Americas, is founded in Lima, Peru.

1510 - The Prince of Anhua rebellion begins when Zhu Zhifan kills all the officials invited to a banquet and declares his intent on ousting the
powerful Ming dynasty eunuch Liu Jin during the reign of the Zhengde Emperor.

1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola.

1364 - Jagiellonian University, the oldest university in Poland, is founded
in Krakow.

1328 - Antipope Nicholas V, a claimant to the papacy, is consecrated in Rome by the Bishop of Venice.

1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre in Cyprus; she is crowned Queen consort of England the same day.

907 - Zhu Wen forces Emperor Ai into abdicating, ending the Tang dynasty
after nearly three hundred years of rule.

254 - Pope Stephen I succeeds Pope Lucius I, becoming the 23rd pope of the Catholic Church, and immediately takes a stand against Novatianism.

--- Temp: 7°C | Humidity: 62% | Wind: 4 km/h (gust 5) | Pressure: 1031.16 mb
* Origin: Northern Realms (618:400/23)

This Day in History
-------------------

2014 - An explosion at an underground coal mine in southwest Turkey kills 301 miners.

2013 - American physician Kermit Gosnell is found guilty in Pennsylvania of murdering three infants born alive during attempted abortions, involuntary manslaughter of a woman during an abortion procedure, and other charges.

2012 - Forty-nine dismembered bodies are discovered by Mexican authorities on Mexican Federal Highway 40.

2011 - Two bombs explode in the Charsadda District of Pakistan killing 98 people and wounding 140 others.

2006 - Sao Paulo violence: Rebellions occur in several prisons in Brazil.

2005 - Andijan uprising, Uzbekistan; Troops open fire on crowds of protestors after a prison break; at least 187 people were killed according to official estimates.

2000 - A fireworks storage depot explodes in a residential neighborhood in Enschede, Netherlands, killing 23 people and injuring 950 others.

1999 - Kosovo War: NATO bombs the village of Korisa, killing at least 87 people.

1998 - India carries out two nuclear weapon tests at Pokhran, following the three conducted on May 11. The United States and Japan impose economic sanctions on India.

1998 - Race riots break out in Jakarta, Indonesia, where shops owned by Indonesians of Chinese descent are looted and women raped.

1996 - Severe thunderstorms and a tornado in Bangladesh kill 600 people.

1995 - Alison Hargreaves, a 33-year-old British mother, becomes the first woman to ascend Everest without oxygen or the help of sherpas.

1992 - Li Hongzhi gives the first public lecture on Falun Gong in Changchun, People's Republic of China.

1990 - The Dinamo-Red Star riot took place at Maksimir Stadium in Zagreb, Croatia between the Bad Blue Boys (fans of Dinamo Zagreb) and the Delije
(fans of Red Star Belgrade).

1989 - Large groups of students occupy Tiananmen Square and begin a hunger strike.

1985 - Police bombed MOVE headquarters in Philadelphia, killing six adults
and five children, and destroying the homes of 250 city residents.

1981 - Mehmet Ali Agca attempts to assassinate Pope John Paul II in St. Peter's Square in Rome. The Pope is rushed to the Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic to undergo emergency surgery and survives.

1980 - An F3 tornado hits Kalamazoo County, Michigan. President Jimmy Carter declares it a federal disaster area.

1972 - The Troubles: A car bombing outside a crowded pub in Belfast sparks a two-day gun battle involving the Provisional IRA, Ulster Volunteer Force and British Army. Seven people are killed and over 66 injured.

1972 - A fire occurs in the Sennichi Department Store in Osaka, Japan.
Blocked exits and non-functional elevators result in 118 fatalities (many victims leaping to their deaths).

1969 - In the aftermath of the 1969 Malaysian general election, Sino-Malay sectarian violence erupted in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

1967 - Dr. Zakir Husain becomes the third President of India. He is the first Muslim President of the Indian Union. He holds this position until August 24, 1969.

1960 - Hundreds of University of California, Berkeley students congregate for the first day of protest against a visit by the House Committee on
Un-American Activities.

1958 - Ben Carlin becomes the first (and only) person to circumnavigate the world by amphibious vehicle, having travelled over 17,000 kilometres
(11,000 mi) by sea and 62,000 kilometres (39,000 mi) by land during a
ten-year journey.

1958 - May 1958 crisis: A group of French military officers lead a coup in Algiers demanding that a government of national unity be formed with Charles de Gaulle at its head in order to defend French control of Algeria.

1958 - During a visit to Caracas, Venezuela, the US Vice President Richard Nixon's car is attacked by anti-American demonstrators.

1954 - The anti-National Service Riots, by Chinese middle school students in Singapore, take place.

1952 - The Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Parliament of India, holds its first sitting.

1951 - The 400th anniversary of the founding of the National University of
San Marcos is commemorated by the opening of the first large-capacity stadium in Peru.

1950 - The inaugural Formula One World Championship race takes place at Silverstone Circuit. The race was won by Giuseppe Farina, who would go on to become the inaugural champion that year.

1949 - Aeroflot Flight 17 crashes on approach to Severny Airport in Novosibirsk, killing 25.

1948 - Arab-Israeli War: The Kfar Etzion massacre occurs, a day prior to the Israeli Declaration of Independence.

1945 - World War II: Yevgeny Khaldei's photograph Raising a Flag over the Reichstag is published in Ogonyok magazine.

1943 - World War II: Operations Vulcan and Strike force the surrender of the last Axis troops in Tunisia.

1940 - World War II: Germany's conquest of France begins, as the German army crosses the Meuse. Winston Churchill makes his "blood, toil, tears, and
sweat" speech to the House of Commons.

1917 - Three children report the first apparition of Our Lady of Fatima in Fatima, Portugal.

1912 - The Royal Flying Corps, the forerunner of the Royal Air Force, is established in the United Kingdom.

1909 - The first edition of the Giro d'Italia, a long-distance multiple-stage bicycle race, began in Milan; the Italian cyclist Luigi Ganna was the
eventual winner.

1888 - With the passage of the Lei Aurea ("Golden Law"), the Empire of
Brazil abolishes slavery.

1862 - Southern slave Robert Smalls steals the steamboat Planter, spirits it through Confederate lines and hands it to the United States Navy, who quickly commission it as the gunboat USS Planter and appoint Smalls as captain, thus making him the first black man to command a United States ship.

1861 - Pakistan's (then a part of British India) first railway line opens, from Karachi to Kotri.

1861 - The Great Comet of 1861 is discovered by John Tebbutt of Windsor, New South Wales, Australia.

1861 - American Civil War: Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom issues a "proclamation of neutrality" which recognizes the Confederacy as having belligerent rights.

1846 - Mexican-American War: The United States declares war on the Federal Republic of Mexico following a dispute over the American annexation of the Republic of Texas and a Mexican military incursion.

1830 - Ecuador gains its independence from Gran Colombia.

1804 - Forces sent by Yusuf Karamanli of Tripoli to retake Derna from the Americans attack the city.

1780 - The Cumberland Compact is signed by leaders of the settlers in the Cumberland River area of what would become the U.S. state of Tennessee, providing for democratic government and a formal system of justice.

1779 - War of the Bavarian Succession: Russian and French mediators at the Congress of Teschen negotiate an end to the war. In the agreement Austria receives the part of its territory that was taken from it (the Innviertel).

1654 - A Venetian fleet under Admiral Cort Adeler breaks through a line of galleys and defeats the Turkish navy.

1619 - Dutch statesman Johan van Oldenbarnevelt is executed in The Hague
after being convicted of treason.

1612 - Sword duel between Miyamoto Musashi and Sasaki Kojiro on the shores of Ganryu Island. Kojiro dies at the end.

1568 - Mary, Queen of Scots, is defeated at the Battle of Langside, part of the civil war between Queen Mary and the supporters of her son, James VI.

1501 - Amerigo Vespucci, this time under Portuguese flag, set sail for
western lands.

1373 - Julian of Norwich has visions of Jesus while suffering from a life-threatening illness, visions which are later described and interpreted
in her book Revelations of Divine Love.

1344 - A Latin Christian fleet defeats a Turkish fleet in the battle of Pallene during the Smyrniote crusades.

--- Temp: 12°C | Humidity: 94% | Wind: 8 km/h (gust 11) | Pressure: 1012.53 mb
* Origin: Northern Realms (618:400/23)

This Day in History
-------------------

2022 - Ten people are killed in a mass shooting in Buffalo, New York.

2021 - China successfully lands Zhurong, the country's first Mars rover.

2012 - Agni Air Flight CHT crashes in Nepal after a failed go-around, killing 15 people.

2010 - Space Shuttle Atlantis launches on the STS-132 mission to deliver the first shuttle-launched Russian ISS component -- Rassvet. This was originally slated to be the final launch of Atlantis, before Congress approved STS-135.

2008 - Battle of Piccadilly Gardens in Manchester city centre between Zenit supporters and Rangers supporters and the Greater Manchester Police, 39 policemen injured, one police-dog injured and 39 arrested.

2004 - Rico Linhas Aereas Flight 4815 crashes into the Amazon rainforest during approach to Eduardo Gomes International Airport in Manaus, Brazil, killing 33 people.

2004 - Crown Prince Frederik of Denmark and Mary Donaldson are married at Copenhagen Cathedral.

2004 - The Constitutional Court of South Korea overturns the impeachment of President Roh Moo-hyun.

1988 - Carrollton bus collision: A drunk driver traveling the wrong way on Interstate 71 near Carrollton, Kentucky hits a converted school bus carrying
a church youth group. Twenty-seven die in the crash and ensuing fire.

1987 - Fijian Prime Minister Timoci Bavadra is ousted from power in a coup d'etat led by Lieutenant colonel Sitiveni Rabuka.

1980 - Salvadoran Civil War: the Sumpul River massacre occurs in
Chalatenango, El Salvador.

1977 - A Dan-Air Boeing 707 leased to IAS Cargo Airlines crashes on approach to Lusaka International Airport in Lusaka, Zambia, killing six people.

1973 - Skylab, the United States' first space station, is launched.

1970 - Andreas Baader is freed from custody by Ulrike Meinhof, Gudrun Ensslin and others, a pivotal moment in the formation of the Red Army Faction.

1961 - Civil rights movement: A white mob twice attacks a Freedom Riders bus near Anniston, Alabama, before fire-bombing the bus and attacking the civil rights protesters who flee the burning vehicle.

1955 - Cold War: Eight Communist bloc countries, including the Soviet Union, sign a mutual defense treaty called the Warsaw Pact.

1953 - Approximately 7,100 brewery workers in Milwaukee perform a walkout, marking the start of the 1953 Milwaukee brewery strike.

1951 - Trains run on the Talyllyn Railway in Wales for the first time since preservation, making it the first railway in the world to be operated by volunteers.

1948 - Israel is declared to be an independent state and a provisional government is established. Immediately after the declaration, Israel is attacked by the neighboring Arab states, triggering the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.

1943 - World War II: A Japanese submarine sinks AHS Centaur off the coast of Queensland.

1940 - World War II: Rotterdam, Netherlands is bombed by the Luftwaffe of
Nazi Germany despite a ceasefire, killing about 900 people and destroying the historic city center.

1939 - Lina Medina becomes the youngest confirmed mother in medical history
at the age of five.

1935 - The Constitution of the Philippines is ratified by a popular vote.

1931 - Five unarmed civilians are killed in the Adalen shootings, as the Swedish military is called in to deal with protesting workers.

1925 - Mrs Dalloway, one of Virginia Woolf's earliest and best-known novels, was published.

1918 - Cape Town Mayor, Sir Harry Hands, inaugurates the Two-minute silence.

1915 - The May 14 Revolt takes place in Lisbon, Portugal.

1913 - Governor of New York William Sulzer approves the charter for the Rockefeller Foundation, which begins operations with a $100 million donation from John D. Rockefeller.

1900 - Opening of World Amateur championship at the Paris Exposition Universelle, also known as Olympic Games.

1879 - The first group of 463 Indian indentured laborers arrives in Fiji aboard the Leonidas.

1878 - The last witchcraft trial held in the United States begins in Salem, Massachusetts, after Lucretia Brown, an adherent of Christian Science,
accused Daniel Spofford of attempting to harm her through his mental powers.

1870 - The first game of rugby in New Zealand is played in Nelson between Nelson College and the Nelson Rugby Football Club.

1868 - Boshin War: The Battle of Utsunomiya Castle ends as former Tokugawa shogunate forces withdraw northward.

1863 - American Civil War: During the Vicksburg campaign, Union forces drive Confederates under Joseph E. Johnston out of Jackson, Mississippi in the Battle of Jackson.

1857 - Mindon Min was crowned as King of Burma in Mandalay, Burma.

1842 - The first edition of The Illustrated London News, the world's first illustrated weekly news magazine, was published.

1836 - The Treaties of Velasco are signed in Velasco, Texas.

1832 - The Battle of Stillman's Run, the first battle of the Black Hawk War, was fought.

1811 - Paraguay: Pedro Juan Caballero, Fulgencio Yegros and Jose Gaspar Rodriguez de Francia start actions to depose the Spanish governor.

1804 - William Clark and 42 men depart from Camp Dubois to join Meriwether Lewis at St Charles, Missouri, marking the beginning of the Lewis and Clark Expedition's historic journey up the Missouri River.

1800 - The 6th United States Congress recesses, and the process of moving the Federal government of the United States from Philadelphia to Washington,
D.C., begins the following day.

1796 - Edward Jenner administers the first smallpox inoculation.

1747 - War of the Austrian Succession: A British fleet under Admiral George Anson defeats the French at the First Battle of Cape Finisterre.

1610 - Henry IV of France is assassinated by Catholic zealot Francois Ravaillac, and Louis XIII ascends the throne.

1608 - The Protestant Union, a coalition of Protestant German states, is founded to defend the rights, land and safety of each member against the Catholic Church and Catholic German states.

1607 - English colonists establish "James Fort", which would become
Jamestown, Virginia, the earliest permanent English settlement in the Americas.

1509 - Battle of Agnadello: In northern Italy, French forces defeat the Republic of Venice.

1465 - During the 1465 Moroccan revolution which overthrows the Marinid dynasty, the Jewish mellah is attacked by the population of Fez, though the extent of the massacre is debated.

1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured and forced to sign the Mise of Lewes, making Simon de Montfort the effective ruler of England.

1097 - The Siege of Nicaea begins during the First Crusade.

1027 - Robert II of France names his son Henry I as junior King of the Franks.

--- Temp: 6°C | Humidity: 89% | Wind: 1 km/h (gust 1) | Pressure: 1017.27 mb
* Origin: Northern Realms (618:400/23)

This Day in History
-------------------

2024 - Prime Minister of Slovakia Robert Fico is shot and critically injured while meeting with supporters at an event in Handlova.

2023 - The UN commemorates the Palestinian Nakba Day for the first time.

2013 - An upsurge in violence in Iraq leaves more than 389 people dead over three days.

2010 - Jessica Watson becomes the youngest person to sail, non-stop and unassisted around the world solo.

2008 - California becomes the second U.S. state after Massachusetts in 2004
to legalize same-sex marriage after the state's own Supreme Court rules a previous ban unconstitutional.

2004 - Arsenal F.C. go an entire league campaign unbeaten in the English Premier League, joining Preston North End F.C. with the right to claim the title "The Invincibles".

2001 - A CSX EMD SD40-2 8888 rolls out of a train yard in Walbridge, Ohio, with 47 freight cars, including some tank cars with flammable chemical, after its engineer fails to reboard it after setting a yard switch. It travels
south driverless for 66 miles (106 km) until it was brought to a halt near Kenton. The incident became the inspiration for the 2010 film Unstoppable.

1997 - The Space Shuttle Atlantis launches on STS-84 to dock with the Russian space station Mir.

1997 - The United States government acknowledges the existence of the "Secret War" in Laos and dedicates the Laos Memorial in honor of Hmong and other "Secret War" veterans.

1991 - Edith Cresson becomes France's first female Prime Minister.

1988 - Soviet-Afghan War: After more than eight years of fighting, the Soviet Army begins to withdraw 115,000 troops from Afghanistan.

1976 - Aeroflot Flight 1802 crashes near Viktorivka, Chernihiv Raion, Chernihiv Oblast, killing 52.

1974 - Ma'alot massacre: Members of the Democratic Front for the Liberation
of Palestine attack and take hostages at an Israeli school; a total of 31 people are killed, including 22 schoolchildren.

1972 - The Ryukyu Islands, under U.S. military governance since its conquest in 1945, reverts to Japanese control.

1970 - President Richard Nixon appoints Anna Mae Hays and Elizabeth P. Hoisington the first female United States Army generals.

1963 - Project Mercury: The launch of the final Mercury mission,
Mercury-Atlas 9 with astronaut Gordon Cooper on board. He becomes the first American to spend more than a day in space, and the last American to go into space alone.

1957 - At Malden Island in the Pacific Ocean, Britain tests its first
hydrogen bomb in Operation Grapple.

1948 - Following the expiration of The British Mandate for Palestine, the Kingdom of Egypt, Transjordan, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq and Saudi Arabia invade Israel thus starting the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.

1945 - World War II: The Battle of Poljana, the final skirmish in Europe is fought near Prevalje, Slovenia.

1943 - Joseph Stalin dissolves the Comintern (or Third International).

1942 - World War II: In the United States, a bill creating the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC) is signed into law.

1941 - First flight of the Gloster E.28/39 the first British and Allied jet aircraft.

1940 - Richard and Maurice McDonald open the first McDonald's restaurant.

1940 - World War II: The Battle of the Netherlands: After fierce fighting,
the poorly trained and equipped Dutch troops surrender to Germany, marking
the beginning of five years of occupation.

1940 - USS Sailfish is recommissioned. It was originally the USS Squalus.

1934 - A self coup by prime minister Karlis Ulmanis succeeded in Latvia, suspending its constitution and dissolving its Saeima.

1933 - All military aviation organizations within or under the control of the RLM of Germany were officially merged in a covert manner to form its
Wehrmacht military's air arm, the Luftwaffe.

1932 - In an attempted coup d'etat, the Prime Minister of Japan Inukai Tsuyoshi is assassinated.

1929 - A fire at the Cleveland Clinic in Cleveland, Ohio kills 123.

1919 - Greek occupation of Smyrna. During the occupation, the Greek army
kills or wounds 350 Turks; those responsible are punished by Greek commander Aristides Stergiades.

1919 - The Winnipeg general strike begins. By 11:00, almost the whole working population of Winnipeg had walked off the job.

1918 - The Finnish Civil War ends when the Whites took over Fort Ino, a Russian coastal artillery base on the Karelian Isthmus, from Russian troops.

1916 - A seventeen-year-old farmworker, Jesse Washington, is infamously lynched in Waco, Texas, USA, after being convicted of rape and murder.

1911 - More than 300 Chinese immigrants are killed in the Torreon massacre when the forces of the Mexican Revolution led by Emilio Madero take the city of Torreon from the Federales.

1911 - In Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States, the United States Supreme Court declares Standard Oil to be an "unreasonable" monopoly under
the Sherman Antitrust Act and orders the company to be broken up.

1905 - The city of Las Vegas is founded in Nevada, United States.

1891 - Pope Leo XIII defends workers' rights and property rights in the encyclical Rerum novarum, the beginning of modern Catholic social teaching.

1864 - American Civil War: Battle of New Market, Virginia: Students from the Virginia Military Institute fight alongside the Confederate army to force Union General Franz Sigel out of the Shenandoah Valley.

1851 - The first Australian gold rush is proclaimed, although the discovery had been made three months earlier.

1850 - The Arana-Southern Treaty is ratified, ending "the existing differences" between Great Britain and Argentina.

1849 - The Sicilian revolution of 1848 is finally extinguished.

1836 - Francis Baily observes "Baily's beads" during an annular eclipse.

1817 - Opening of the first private mental health hospital in the United States, the Asylum for the Relief of Persons Deprived of the Use of Their Reason (now Friends Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania).

1791 - French Revolution: Maximilien Robespierre proposes the Self-denying Ordinance.

1725 - Bach leads the first performance of his cantata Ich bin ein guter
Hirt, BWV 85, about Jesus as the Good Shepherd.

1648 - The Peace of Munster is ratified, by which Spain acknowledges Dutch sovereignty.

1618 - Johannes Kepler confirms his previously rejected discovery of the
third law of planetary motion (he first discovered it on March 8 but soon rejected the idea after some initial calculations were made).

1602 - Cape Cod is sighted by English navigator Bartholomew Gosnold.

1536 - Anne Boleyn, Queen of England, stands trial in London on charges of treason, adultery and incest; she is condemned to death by a specially-selected jury.

1525 - Insurgent peasants led by Anabaptist pastor Thomas Muntzer were defeated at the Battle of Frankenhausen, ending the German Peasants' War in the Holy Roman Empire.

1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the papal bull ad extirpanda, which
authorizes, but also limits, the torture of heretics in the Medieval Inquisition.

1194 - Michael the Syrian reconsecrates the Mor Bar Sauma Monastery, which he reconstructed after its destruction by a fire. The monastery stays a center
of the Syriac Orthodox Church until the end of the thirteenth century.

756 - Abd al-Rahman I, the founder of the Arab dynasty that ruled the greater part of Iberia for nearly three centuries, becomes emir of Cordova, Spain.

589 - King Authari marries Theodelinda, daughter of the Bavarian duke
Garibald I. A Catholic, she has great influence among the Lombard nobility.

392 - Emperor Valentinian II is assassinated while advancing into Gaul
against the Frankish usurper Arbogast. He is found hanging in his residence
at Vienne.

221 - Liu Bei, Chinese warlord, proclaims himself emperor of Shu Han, the successor of the Han dynasty.

--- Temp: 15°C | Humidity: 47% | Wind: 3 km/h (gust 5) | Pressure: 1023.37 mb
* Origin: Northern Realms (618:400/23)

This Day in History
-------------------

2025 - A devastating EF4 tornado kills nineteen people in Southeast Kentucky, hitting the towns of Somerset and London.

2014 - Twelve people are killed in two explosions in the Gikomba market area of Nairobi, Kenya.

2011 - STS-134 (ISS assembly flight ULF6), launched from the Kennedy Space Center on the 25th and final flight for Space Shuttle Endeavour.

2005 - Kuwait permits women's suffrage in a 35-23 National Assembly vote.

2003 - In Morocco, 33 civilians are killed and more than 100 people are injured in the Casablanca terrorist attacks.

1997 - Mobutu Sese Seko, the President of Zaire, flees the country.

1991 - Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom addresses a joint session of the United States Congress. She is the first British monarch to address the U.S. Congress.

1988 - A report by the Surgeon General of the United States C. Everett Koop states that the addictive properties of nicotine are similar to those of heroin and cocaine.

1975 - Junko Tabei from Japan becomes the first woman to reach the summit of Mount Everest.

1974 - Josip Broz Tito is elected president for life of Yugoslavia.

1972 - An Antonov An-24 crashes into a kindergarten building in Svetlogorsk, killing 35.

1969 - Venera program: Venera 5, a Soviet space probe, lands on Venus.

1966 - The Chinese Communist Party issues the "May 16 Notice", marking the beginning of the Cultural Revolution.

1961 - Park Chung Hee leads a coup d'etat to overthrow the Second Republic
of South Korea.

1960 - Theodore Maiman operates the first optical laser (a ruby laser), at Hughes Research Laboratories in Malibu, California.

1959 - The Tritons' Fountain in Valletta, Malta is turned on for the first time.

1954 - Beginning of the Kengir uprising in the Gulag.

1951 - The first regularly scheduled transatlantic flights begin between Idlewild Airport (now John F Kennedy International Airport) in New York City and Heathrow Airport in London, operated by El Al Israel Airlines.

1945 - Beginning of the Levant Crisis between Britain and France in Syria.
The latter try to quell nationalist protests but backs down after threat of military action by the British.

1943 - Operation Chastise is undertaken by RAF Bomber Command with specially equipped Avro Lancasters to destroy the Mohne, Sorpe, and Eder dams in the Ruhr valley.

1943 - The Holocaust: The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising ends.

1929 - In Hollywood, the first Academy Awards ceremony takes place.

1925 - The first modern performance of Claudio Monteverdi's opera Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria occurred in Paris.

1920 - In Rome, Pope Benedict XV canonizes Joan of Arc.

1919 - A naval Curtiss NC-4 aircraft commanded by Albert Cushing Read leaves Trepassey, Newfoundland, for Lisbon via the Azores on the first transatlantic flight.

1918 - The Sedition Act of 1918 is passed by the U.S. Congress, making criticism of the government during wartime an imprisonable offense. It will
be repealed less than two years later.

1916 - The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the French Third Republic sign the secret wartime Sykes-Picot Agreement partitioning former Ottoman territories such as Iraq and Syria.

1891 - The International Electrotechnical Exhibition opened in Frankfurt, Germany, featuring the world's first long-distance transmission of
high-power, three-phase electric current (the most common form today).

1888 - Nikola Tesla delivers a lecture describing the equipment which will allow efficient generation and use of alternating currents to transmit electric power over long distances.

1877 - The 16 May 1877 crisis occurs in France, ending with the dissolution
of the National Assembly 22 June and affirming the interpretation of the Constitution of 1875 as a parliamentary rather than presidential system. The elections held in October 1877 led to the defeat of the royalists as a formal political movement in France.

1874 - A flood on the Mill River in Massachusetts destroys much of four villages and kills 139 people.

1868 - The United States Senate fails to convict President Andrew Johnson by one vote.

1866 - The United States Congress establishes the nickel.

1863 - American Civil War: During the Vicksburg campaign, the decisive Union victory by Ulysses S. Grant at the Battle of Champion Hill drives the Confederate army under John C. Pemberton back towards Vicksburg, Mississippi.

1842 - The first major wagon train heading for the Pacific Northwest sets out on the Oregon Trail from Elm Grove, Missouri, with 100 pioneers.

1834 - The Battle of Asseiceira is fought; it was the final and decisive engagement of the Liberal Wars in Portugal.

1832 - Juan Godoy discovers the rich silver outcrops of Chanarcillo sparking the Chilean silver rush.

1822 - Greek War of Independence: The Turks capture the Greek town of Souli.

1812 - Imperial Russia signs the Treaty of Bucharest, ending the
Russo-Turkish War. The Ottoman Empire cedes Bessarabia to Russia.

1811 - Peninsular War: The allies Spain, Portugal and United Kingdom fight an inconclusive battle against the French at the Albuera. It is, in proportion
to the numbers involved, the bloodiest battle of the war.

1777 - Continental Army officer Lachlan McIntosh fatally wounds Button Gwinnett, a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence, in a
duel in Savannah, Georgia.

1771 - The Battle of Alamance, a pre-American Revolutionary War battle
between local militia and a group of rebels called The "Regulators", occurs
in present-day Alamance County, North Carolina.

1770 - The 14-year-old Marie Antoinette marries 15-year-old Louis-Auguste, Dauphin de France, who later becomes king of France.

1739 - The Battle of Vasai concludes as the Marathas defeat the Portuguese army.

1584 - Santiago de Vera becomes sixth governor-general of the Spanish colony of the Philippines.

1568 - Mary, Queen of Scots, flees to England.

1532 - Sir Thomas More resigns as Lord Chancellor of England.

1527 - The Florentines drive out the Medici for a second time and Florence re-establishes itself as a republic.

1426 - Gov. Thado of Mohnyin becomes King of Ava.

1364 - Hundred Years' War: Bertrand du Guesclin and a French army defeat the Anglo-Navarrese army of Charles the Bad at Cocherel.

1204 - Baldwin IX, Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire.

946 - Emperor Suzaku abdicates the throne in favor of his brother Murakami
who becomes the 62nd emperor of Japan.

--- Temp: 15°C | Humidity: 67% | Wind: 4 km/h (gust 7) | Pressure: 1022.35 mb
* Origin: Northern Realms (618:400/23)

This Day in History
-------------------

2014 - A military plane crash in northern Laos kills 17 people.

2010 - Pamir Airways Flight 112 crashes in Afghanistan's Shakardara District, killing 44.

2007 - Trains from North and South Korea cross the 38th Parallel in a
test-run agreed by both governments. This is the first time that trains have crossed the Demilitarized Zone since 1953.

2006 - The aircraft carrier USS Oriskany is sunk in the Gulf of Mexico as an artificial reef.

2004 - The first legal same-sex marriages in the U.S. are performed in the state of Massachusetts.

2000 - Arsenal and Galatasaray fans clash in the 2000 UEFA Cup Final riots in Copenhagen

1997 - Troops of Laurent-Desire Kabila march into Kinshasa. Zaire is officially renamed Democratic Republic of the Congo.

1995 - Shawn Nelson steals an M60 tank from the California Army National
Guard Armory in San Diego and proceeds to go on a rampage.

1994 - Malawi holds its first multi-party elections.

1992 - Three days of popular protests against the government of Prime
Minister of Thailand Suchinda Kraprayoon begin in Bangkok, leading to a military crackdown that results in 52 officially confirmed deaths, hundreds
of injuries, many disappearances, and more than 3,500 arrests.

1990 - The General Assembly of the World Health Organization (WHO) eliminates homosexuality from the list of psychiatric diseases.

1987 - Iran-Iraq War: An Iraqi Dassault Mirage F1 fighter jet fires two missiles into the U.S. Navy warship USS Stark, killing 37 and injuring 21 of her crew.

1984 - Prince Charles calls a proposed addition to the National Gallery, London, a "monstrous carbuncle on the face of a much-loved and elegant friend", sparking controversies on the proper role of the Royal Family and
the course of modern architecture.

1983 - Lebanon, Israel, and the United States sign an agreement on Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon.

1983 - The U.S. Department of Energy declassifies documents showing world's largest mercury pollution event in Oak Ridge, Tennessee (ultimately found to be 4.2 million pounds [1.9 kt]), in response to the Appalachian Observer's Freedom of Information Act request.

1980 - On the eve of presidential elections, Maoist guerrilla group Shining Path attacks a polling location in Chuschi (a town in Ayacucho), starting the Internal conflict in Peru.

1980 - General Chun Doo-hwan of South Korea seizes control of the government and declares martial law in order to suppress student demonstrations.

1977 - Nolan Bushnell opened the first Chuck E. Cheese's Pizza Time Theatre (later renamed Chuck E. Cheese) in San Jose, California.

1974 - Police in Los Angeles raid the Symbionese Liberation Army's headquarters, killing six members, including Camilla Hall.

1974 - The Troubles: Thirty-three civilians are killed and 300 injured when the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) detonates four car bombs in Dublin and Monaghan, Ireland.

1973 - Watergate scandal: Televised hearings begin in the United States Senate.

1969 - Venera program: Soviet Venera 6 begins its descent into the atmosphere of Venus, sending back atmospheric data before being crushed by pressure.

1967 - Six-Day War: President Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt demands dismantling of the peace-keeping UN Emergency Force in Egypt.

1954 - The United States Supreme Court hands down a unanimous decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, outlawing racial segregation
in public schools.

1953 - Delta Air Lines Flight 318 crashes near Marshall, Texas, killing 19.

1943 - World War II: Dambuster Raids commence by No. 617 Squadron RAF.

1940 - World War II: Germany occupies Brussels, Belgium.

1939 - The Columbia Lions and the Princeton Tigers play in the United States' first televised sporting event, a collegiate baseball game in New York City.

1937 - Spanish Civil War: The Largo Caballero government resigns in the wake of the Barcelona May Days, leading Juan Negrin to form a government, without the anarcho-syndicalist CNT, in its stead.

1933 - Vidkun Quisling and Johan Bernhard Hjort form Nasjonal Samling -- the national-socialist party of Norway.

1915 - The last British Liberal Party government (led by H. H. Asquith) falls.

1914 - The Protocol of Corfu is signed, recognising full autonomy to Northern Epirus under nominal Albanian sovereignty.

1902 - Greek archaeologist Valerios Stais discovers the Antikythera
mechanism, an ancient mechanical analog computer.

1900 - The children's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, by L. Frank Baum, is first published in the United States. The first copy is given to the author's sister.

1875 - Aristides wins the first Kentucky Derby with the jockey Oliver Lewis (2:37.75).

1865 - The International Telegraph Union (later the International Telecommunication Union) is established in Paris.

1863 - American Civil War: During the Vicksburg campaign, Union forces under John A. McClernand defeat a Confederate rearguard and capture around 1,700
men at the Battle of Big Black River Bridge.

1863 - Rosalia de Castro publishes Cantares Gallegos, the first book in the Galician language.

1859 - Members of the Melbourne Football Club codified the first rules of Australian rules football.

1814 - The Constitution of Norway is signed and Crown Prince Christian Frederick of Denmark is elected King of Norway by the Norwegian Constituent Assembly.

1814 - Occupation of Monaco changes from French to Austrian.

1809 - Emperor Napoleon I orders the annexation of the Papal States to the French Empire.

1805 - Muhammad Ali becomes Wali of Egypt.

1792 - The New York Stock Exchange is formed under the Buttonwood Agreement.

1760 - French forces besieging Quebec retreat after the Royal Navy arrives to relieve the British garrison.

1756 - Seven Years' War formally begins when Great Britain declares war on France.

1673 - Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette begin exploring the Mississippi River.

1648 - An allied French and Swedish army defeats Imperial and Bavarian forces in the Battle of Zusmarshausen.

1642 - Paul de Chomedey, Sieur de Maisonneuve founds the Ville Marie de Montreal.

1590 - Anne of Denmark is crowned Queen of Scotland.

1536 - Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn's marriage is annulled.

1536 - George Boleyn, 2nd Viscount Rochford and four other men are executed for treason.

1527 - Panfilo de Narvaez departs Spain to explore Florida with 600 men -
by 1536 only four survive.

1521 - Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for treason.

1395 - Battle of Rovine: The Wallachians defeat an invading Ottoman army.

--- Temp: 18°C | Humidity: 97% | Wind: 0 km/h (gust 0) | Pressure: 1023.37 mb
* Origin: Northern Realms (618:400/23)

This Day in History
-------------------

2019 - United States presidential election: Joe Biden launches his presidential campaign.

2018 - Cubana de Aviacion Flight 972 crashes in Santiago de las Vegas after takeoff from Jose Marti International Airport in Havana, Cuba, killing 112
of the 113 people on board.

2018 - A school shooting at Santa Fe High School in Texas kills ten people.

2015 - At least 78 people die in a landslide caused by heavy rains in the Colombian town of Salgar.

2009 - The LTTE are defeated by the Sri Lankan government, ending almost 26 years of fighting between the two sides.

2006 - The post Loktantra Andolan government passes a landmark bill
curtailing the power of the monarchy and making Nepal a secular country.

2005 - A second photo from the Hubble Space Telescope confirms that Pluto has two additional moons, Nix and Hydra.

1994 - Israeli troops finish withdrawing from the Gaza Strip, ceding the area to the Palestinian National Authority to govern.

1993 - Riots in Norrebro, Copenhagen, caused by the approval of the four Danish exceptions in the Maastricht Treaty referendum. Police open fire against civilians for the first time since World War II and injure 11 demonstrators.

1991 - Northern Somalia declares independence from the rest of Somalia as the Republic of Somaliland.

1990 - In France, a modified TGV train achieves a new rail world speed record of 515.3 km/h (320.2 mph).

1980 - Students in Gwangju, South Korea begin demonstrations calling for democratic reforms.

1980 - Mount St. Helens erupts in Washington, United States, killing 57
people and causing $3 billion in damage.

1977 - Likud party wins the 1977 Israeli legislative election, with Menachem Begin, its founder, as the sixth Prime Minister of Israel.

1974 - Nuclear weapons testing: Under project Smiling Buddha, India successfully detonates its first nuclear weapon becoming the sixth nation to do so.

1973 - Aeroflot Flight 109 is hijacked mid-flight and the aircraft is subsequently destroyed when the hijacker's bomb explodes, killing all 82 people on board.

1972 - During approach to Kharkiv International Airport, Aeroflot Flight 1491 crashes near Ruska Lozova, killing all 112 aboard.

1969 - Apollo program: Apollo 10 is launched.

1965 - Israeli spy Eli Cohen is hanged in Damascus, Syria.

1955 - Operation Passage to Freedom, the evacuation of 310,000 Vietnamese civilians, soldiers and non-Vietnamese members of the French Army from communist North Vietnam to South Vietnam following the end of the First Indochina War, ends.

1953 - Jacqueline Cochran becomes the first woman to break the sound barrier.

1948 - The First Legislative Yuan of the Republic of China officially
convenes in Nanking.

1944 - Deportation of Crimean Tatars by the Soviet Union.

1944 - World War II: Battle of Monte Cassino: Conclusion after seven days of the fourth battle as German paratroopers evacuate Monte Cassino.

1933 - New Deal: President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs an act creating the Tennessee Valley Authority.

1927 - After being founded for 20 years, the Nationalist government approves Tongji University to be among the its first national universities.

1927 - The Bath School disaster: Forty-five people, including many children, are killed by bombs planted by a disgruntled school-board member in Bath Township, Michigan.

1926 - Evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson disappears in Venice, California.

1922 - Seamus Woods leads an Irish Republican Army attack on the headquarters of the Royal Irish Constabulary in Belfast.

1917 - World War I: The Selective Service Act of 1917 is passed, giving the President of the United States the power of conscription.

1912 - The first Indian film, Shree Pundalik by Dadasaheb Torne, is released in Mumbai.

1900 - The United Kingdom proclaims a protectorate over Tonga.

1896 - Khodynka Tragedy: A mass panic on Khodynka Field in Moscow during the festivities of the coronation of Russian Tsar Nicholas II results in the deaths of 1,389 people.

1896 - The United States Supreme Court rules in Plessy v. Ferguson that the "separate but equal" doctrine is constitutional.

1863 - American Civil War: Union forces under Ulysses S. Grant begin the
Siege of Vicksburg during the Vicksburg campaign in order to take full
control of the Mississippi River.

1860 - United States presidential election: Abraham Lincoln wins the Republican Party presidential nomination over William H. Seward, who later becomes the United States Secretary of State.

1848 - Opening of the first German National Assembly (Nationalversammlung) in Frankfurt, Germany.

1843 - The Disruption in Edinburgh of the Free Church of Scotland from the Church of Scotland.

1812 - John Bellingham is found guilty and sentenced to death by hanging for the assassination of British Prime Minister Spencer Perceval.

1811 - Battle of Las Piedras: The first great military triumph of the revolution of the Rio de la Plata in Uruguay led by Jose Artigas.

1804 - Napoleon Bonaparte is proclaimed Emperor of the French by the French Senate.

1803 - Napoleonic Wars: The United Kingdom revokes the Treaty of Amiens and declares war on France.

1794 - Battle of Tourcoing during the Flanders Campaign of the War of the First Coalition.

1783 - First United Empire Loyalists reach Parrtown (later called Saint John, New Brunswick), Canada, after leaving the United States.

1756 - The Seven Years' War begins when Great Britain declares war on France.

1695 - The 1695 Linfen earthquake in Shannxi, Qing dynasty causes extreme damage and kills at least 52,000 people.

1652 - Slavery in Rhode Island is abolished, although the law is not rigorously enforced.

1631 - In Dorchester, Massachusetts, John Winthrop takes the oath of office and becomes the first Governor of Massachusetts.

1593 - Playwright Thomas Kyd's accusations of heresy lead to an arrest
warrant for Christopher Marlowe.

1565 - The Great Siege of Malta begins, in which Ottoman forces attempt and fail to conquer Malta.

1499 - Alonso de Ojeda sets sail from Cadiz on his voyage to what is now Venezuela.

1388 - During the Battle of Buyur Lake, General Lan Yu leads a Ming army forward to crush the Mongol hordes of Togus Temur, the Khan of Northern
Yuan.

1302 - Bruges Matins, the nocturnal massacre of the French garrison in Bruges by members of the local Flemish militia.

1291 - Fall of Acre, the end of Crusader presence in the Holy Land.

1268 - The Principality of Antioch, a crusader state, falls to the Mamluk Sultan Baibars in the Siege of Antioch.

1152 - The future Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine. He would become king two years later, after the death of his cousin once removed King Stephen of England.

1096 - First Crusade: Around 800 Jews are massacred in Worms, Germany.

872 - Louis II of Italy is crowned for the second time as Holy Roman Emperor at Rome, at the age of 47. His first coronation was 28 years earlier, in 844, during the reign of his father Lothair I.

332 - Emperor Constantine the Great announces free distributions of food to the citizens in Constantinople.

--- Temp: 24°C | Humidity: 68% | Wind: 3 km/h (gust 4) | Pressure: 1024.38 mb
* Origin: Northern Realms (618:400/23)

This Day in History
-------------------

2024 - A helicopter crash in Iran leaves 8 people dead, including the country's president Ebrahim Raisi & foreign minister Hossein Amir-Abdollahian.

2018 - The wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle is held at St George's Chapel, Windsor, with an estimated global audience of 1.9 billion.

2016 - EgyptAir Flight 804 crashes into the Mediterranean Sea while traveling from Paris to Cairo, killing all on board.

2015 - The Refugio oil spill deposited 142,800 U.S. gallons (3,400 barrels)
of crude oil onto an area in California considered one of the most biologically diverse coastlines of the west coast.

2012 - A car bomb explodes near a military complex in the Syrian city of Deir ez-Zor, killing nine people.

2012 - Three gas cylinder bombs explode in front of a vocational school in
the Italian city of Brindisi, killing one person and injuring five others.

2010 - The Royal Thai Armed Forces concludes its crackdown on protests by forcing the surrender of United Front for Democracy Against Dictatorship leaders.

2007 - President of Romania Traian Basescu survives an impeachment
referendum and returns to office from suspension.

2000 - Space Shuttle program: Space Shuttle Atlantis is launched on mission STS-101 to resupply the International Space Station.

1997 - The Sierra Gorda biosphere, the most ecologically diverse region in Mexico, is established as a result of grassroots efforts.

1996 - Space Shuttle program: Space Shuttle Endeavour is launched on mission STS-77.

1993 - SAM Colombia Flight 501 crashes on approach to Jose Maria Cordova International Airport in Medellin, Colombia, killing 132.

1991 - Croatians vote for independence in a referendum.

1986 - The Firearm Owners Protection Act is signed into law by U.S. President Ronald Reagan.

1971 - Mars probe program: Mars 2 is launched by the Soviet Union.

1963 - The New York Post Sunday Magazine publishes Martin Luther King Jr.'s Letter from Birmingham Jail.

1962 - A birthday salute to U.S. President John F. Kennedy takes place at Madison Square Garden, New York City. The highlight is Marilyn Monroe's rendition of "Happy Birthday".

1961 - At Silchar Railway Station, Assam, 11 Bengalis die when police open fire on protesters demanding state recognition of Bengali language in the Bengali Language Movement.

1961 - Venera program: Venera 1 becomes the first man-made object to fly by another planet by passing Venus (the probe had lost contact with Earth a
month earlier and did not send back any data).

1959 - The North Vietnamese Army establishes Group 559, whose responsibility is to determine how to maintain supply lines to South Vietnam; the resulting route is the Ho Chi Minh trail.

1950 - Egypt announces that the Suez Canal is closed to Israeli ships and commerce.

1950 - A barge containing munitions destined for Pakistan explodes in the harbor at South Amboy, New Jersey, devastating the city.

1945 - Syrian demonstrators in Damascus are fired upon by French troops injuring twelve, leading to the Levant Crisis.

1943 - Winston Churchill's second wartime address to the U.S. Congress

1942 - World War II: In the aftermath of the Battle of the Coral Sea, Task Force 16 heads to Pearl Harbor for repairs.

1934 - Zveno and the Bulgarian Army engineer a coup d'etat and install Kimon Georgiev as the new Prime Minister of Bulgaria.

1933 - Finnish cavalry general C. G. E. Mannerheim is appointed the field marshal.

1922 - The Young Pioneer Organization of the Soviet Union is established.

1921 - The United States Congress passes the Emergency Quota Act establishing national quotas on immigration.

1919 - Mustafa Kemal Ataturk lands at Samsun on the Anatolian Black Sea
coast, initiating what is later termed the Turkish War of Independence.

1917 - The Norwegian football club Rosenborg BK is founded.

1911 - Parks Canada, the world's first national park service, is established as the Dominion Parks Branch under the Department of the Interior.

1900 - Second Boer War: British troops relieve Mafeking.

1900 - Great Britain annexes Tonga Island.

1883 - Buffalo Bill's first Buffalo Bill's Wild West opens in Omaha, Nebraska.

1848 - Mexican-American War: Mexico ratifies the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo thus ending the war and ceding California, Nevada, Utah and parts of four other modern-day U.S. states to the United States for US$15 million.

1845 - Captain Sir John Franklin and his ill-fated Arctic expedition depart from Greenhithe, England.

1828 - U.S. President John Quincy Adams signs the Tariff of 1828 into law, sparking outrage in the South and leading to the Nullification crisis.

1802 - Napoleon Bonaparte founds the Legion of Honour.

1780 - New England's Dark Day, an unusual darkening of the day sky, was observed over the New England states and parts of Canada.

1776 - American Revolutionary War: A Continental Army garrison surrenders in the Battle of The Cedars.

1749 - King George II of Great Britain grants the Ohio Company a charter of land around the forks of the Ohio River.

1743 - Jean-Pierre Christin developed the centigrade temperature scale.

1655 - The Invasion of Jamaica begins during the Anglo-Spanish War.

1649 - An Act of Parliament declaring England a Commonwealth is passed by the Long Parliament. England would be a republic for the next eleven years.

1643 - Thirty Years' War: French forces under the duc d'Enghien decisively defeat Spanish forces at the Battle of Rocroi, marking the symbolic end of Spain as a dominant land power.

1542 - The Prome Kingdom falls to the Taungoo Dynasty in present-day Myanmar.

1536 - Anne Boleyn, the second wife of Henry VIII of England, is beheaded for adultery, treason, and incest.

1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to
North America with three ships, 110 men, and Chief Donnacona's two sons (whom Cartier had kidnapped during his first voyage).

1499 - Catherine of Aragon is married by proxy to Arthur, Prince of Wales. Catherine is 13 and Arthur is 12.

1445 - John II of Castile defeats the Infantes of Aragon at the First Battle of Olmedo.

1051 - Henry I of France marries the Rus' princess, Anne of Kiev.

934 - The Byzantine Empire reconquers Melitene under the leadership of John Kourkouas.

715 - Pope Gregory II is elected.

639 - Ashina Jiesheshuai and his tribesmen assaulted Emperor Taizong at Jiucheng Palace.

--- Temp: 22°C | Humidity: 82% | Wind: 2 km/h (gust 4) | Pressure: 1011.85 mb
* Origin: Northern Realms (618:400/23)

This Day in History
-------------------

2022 - Russo-Ukrainian war: Russia claims full control of the Ukrainian city of Mariupol after a nearly three-month siege.

2019 - The International System of Units (SI): The base units are redefined, making the international prototype of the kilogram obsolete.

2016 - The government of Singapore authorised the controversial execution of convicted murderer Kho Jabing for the murder of a Chinese construction worker despite the international pleas for clemency, notably from Amnesty International and the United Nations.

2013 - An EF5 tornado strikes the Oklahoma City suburb of Moore, killing 24 people and injuring 377 others.

2012 - At least 27 people are killed and 50 others injured when a 6.0-magnitude earthquake strikes northern Italy.

2011 - Mamata Banerjee is sworn in as the Chief Minister of West Bengal, the first woman to hold this post.

2009 - An Indonesian Air Force Lockheed L-100 Hercules crashes in Magetan Regency, killing 99.

2002 - The independence of East Timor is recognized by Portugal, formally ending 23 years of Indonesian rule and three years of provisional UN administration (Portugal itself is the former colonizer of East Timor until 1976).

1996 - Civil rights: The Supreme Court of the United States rules in Romer v. Evans against a law that would have prevented any city, town or county in the state of Colorado from taking any legislative, executive, or judicial action to protect the rights of gays and lesbians.

1990 - The first post-Communist presidential and parliamentary elections are held in Romania.

1989 - The Chinese authorities declare martial law in the face of pro-democracy demonstrations, setting the scene for the Tiananmen Square massacre.

1985 - Radio Marti, part of the Voice of America service, begins
broadcasting to Cuba.

1983 - Church Street bombing: A car bomb planted by UMkhonto we Sizwe
explodes on Church Street in South Africa's capital, Pretoria, killing 19 people and injuring 217 others.

1983 - First publications of the discovery of the HIV virus that causes AIDS in the journal Science by a team of French scientists including Francoise Barre-Sinoussi, Jean-Claude Chermann, and Luc Montagnier.

1980 - In a referendum in Quebec, the population rejects, with 60% of the vote, a government proposal to move towards independence from Canada.

1971 - In the Chuknagar massacre, Pakistani forces massacre thousands, mostly Bengali Hindus.

1969 - The Battle of Hamburger Hill in Vietnam ends.

1967 - The Popular Movement of the Revolution political party is established in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

1965 - One hundred twenty-one people are killed when Pakistan International Airlines Flight 705 crashes at Cairo International Airport.

1964 - Discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation by Robert Woodrow Wilson and Arno Penzias.

1958 - Capital Airlines Flight 300 collides in mid-air with a United States Air Force Lockheed T-33 over Brunswick, Maryland, killing 12.

1956 - In Operation Redwing, the first United States airborne hydrogen bomb
is dropped over Bikini Atoll in the Pacific Ocean.

1949 - In the United States, the Armed Forces Security Agency, the
predecessor to the National Security Agency, is established.

1948 - Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek wins the 1948 Republic of China presidential election and is sworn in as the first President of the Republic of China at Nanjing.

1943 - The Luttra Woman, a bog body from the Early Neolithic period (radiocarbon-dated c. 3928-3651 BC), was discovered near Luttra, Sweden.

1941 - World War II: Battle of Crete: German paratroops invade Crete.

1940 - The Holocaust: The first prisoners arrive at a new concentration camp at Auschwitz.

1932 - Amelia Earhart takes off from Newfoundland to begin the world's first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean by a female pilot, landing in Ireland the next day.

1927 - Charles Lindbergh takes off for Paris from Roosevelt Field in Long Island, N.Y., aboard the Spirit of St. Louis on the first nonstop solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean, landing .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width: 1px}33+1/2 hours later.

1927 - Treaty of Jeddah: The United Kingdom recognizes the sovereignty of
King Ibn Saud in the Kingdoms of Hejaz and Nejd, which later merge to become the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

1902 - Cuba gains independence from the United States. Tomas Estrada Palma becomes the country's first President.

1891 - History of cinema: The first public display of Thomas Edison's prototype kinetoscope.

1883 - Krakatoa begins to erupt; the volcano explodes three months later, killing more than 36,000 people.

1882 - The Triple Alliance between the German Empire, Austria-Hungary and the Kingdom of Italy is formed.

1875 - Signing of the Metre Convention by 17 nations leading to the establishment of the International System of Units.

1873 - Levi Strauss and Jacob Davis receive a U.S. patent for blue jeans with copper rivets.

1864 - American Civil War: Battle of Ware Bottom Church: In the Virginia Bermuda Hundred campaign, 10,000 troops fight in this Confederate victory.

1862 - U.S. President Abraham Lincoln signs the Homestead Act into law, opening eighty-four million acres (340,000 km2) of public land to settlers.

1861 - American Civil War: The State of North Carolina secedes from the Union.

1861 - American Civil War: The state of Kentucky proclaims its neutrality, which will last until September 3 when Confederate forces enter the state.

1813 - Napoleon Bonaparte leads his French troops into the Battle of Bautzen in Saxony, Germany, against the combined armies of Russia and Prussia. The battle ends the next day with a French victory.

1802 - By the Law of 20 May 1802, Napoleon Bonaparte reinstates slavery in
the French colonies, revoking its abolition in the French Revolution.

1775 - The Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence is allegedly signed in Charlotte, North Carolina.

1741 - The Battle of Cartagena de Indias ends in a Spanish victory and the British begin withdrawal towards Jamaica with substantial losses.

1714 - Johann Sebastian Bach leads the first performance of his cantata for Pentecost, Erschallet, ihr Lieder, BWV 172, at the chapel of Schloss Weimar.

1645 - Yangzhou massacre: The ten day massacre of the residents of the city
of Yangzhou, part of the Transition from Ming to Qing.

1631 - The city of Magdeburg in Germany is seized by forces of the Holy Roman Empire and most of its inhabitants massacred, in one of the bloodiest incidents of the Thirty Years' War.

1609 - Shakespeare's sonnets are first published in London, perhaps
illicitly, by the publisher Thomas Thorpe.

1570 - Cartographer Abraham Ortelius issues Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, the
first modern atlas.

1521 - Ignatius of Loyola is seriously wounded in the Battle of Pampeluna.

1520 - Hernan Cortes defeats Panfilo de Narvaez, sent by Spain to punish
him for insubordination.

1498 - Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama discovers the sea route to India
when he arrives at Kozhikode (previously known as Calicut), India.

1497 - John Cabot sets sail from Bristol, England, on his ship Matthew
looking for a route to the west (other documents give a May 2 date).

1449 - The Battle of Alfarrobeira is fought, establishing the House of Braganza as a principal royal family of Portugal.

1426 - King Mohnyin Thado formally ascends to the throne of Ava.

1293 - King Sancho IV of Castile creates the Estudio de Escuelas de Generales in Alcala de Henares.

1217 - The Second Battle of Lincoln is fought near Lincoln, England,
resulting in the defeat of Prince Louis of France by William Marshal, 1st
Earl of Pembroke.

794 - While visiting the royal Mercian court at Sutton Walls with a view to marrying princess AElfthryth, King AEthelberht II of East Anglia is taken captive and beheaded.

685 - The Battle of Dun Nechtain is fought between a Pictish army under King Bridei III and the invading Northumbrians under King Ecgfrith, who are decisively defeated.

491 - Empress Ariadne marries Anastasius I. The widowed Augusta is able to choose her successor for the Byzantine throne, after Zeno (late emperor) dies of dysentery.

325 - The First Council of Nicaea is formally opened, starting the first ecumenical council of the Christian Church.

--- Temp: 11°C | Humidity: 71% | Wind: 5 km/h (gust 7) | Pressure: 1018.96 mb
* Origin: Northern Realms (618:400/23)

This Day in History
-------------------

2024 - A stabbing spree on the Green line of the Taichung MRT injures four people, including the perpetrator.

2024 - The Greenfield tornado kills 5 and injures 35 across rural Iowa,
United States. Wind speeds in excess of 480 kilometres per hour (300 mph)
are estimated from measurements for the third time in history.

2017 - Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus performed their final show
at Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum.

2014 - Random killings occurred on the Bannan Line of the Taipei MRT, killing four and injuring 24.

2012 - A suicide bombing kills more than 120 people in Sanaa, Yemen.

2012 - A bus accident near Himara, Albania kills 13 people and injures 21 others.

2011 - Radio broadcaster Harold Camping predicted that the world would end on this date.

2010 - JAXA, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, launches the solar-sail spacecraft IKAROS aboard an H-IIA rocket. The vessel would make a Venus flyby late in the year.

2006 - The Republic of Montenegro holds a referendum proposing independence from the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro; 55% of Montenegrins vote for independence.

2005 - The tallest roller coaster in the world, Kingda Ka opens at Six Flags Great Adventure in Jackson Township, New Jersey.

2003 - The 6.8 Mw Boumerdes earthquake shakes northern Algeria with a
maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme). More than 2,200 people were killed and a moderate tsunami sank boats at the Balearic Islands.

2001 - French Taubira law is enacted, officially recognizing the Atlantic slave trade and slavery as crimes against humanity.

2000 - Nineteen people are killed in a plane crash in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania.

1998 - President Suharto of Indonesia resigns following the killing of students from Trisakti University earlier that week by security forces and growing mass protests in Jakarta against his ongoing corrupt rule.

1998 - In Miami, five abortion clinics are attacked by a butyric acid attacker.

1996 - The seven Trappist monks of Tibhirine that were abducted on March 27 are killed under uncertain circumstances.

1996 - The ferry MV Bukoba sinks in Tanzanian waters on Lake Victoria,
killing nearly 1,000.

1994 - The Democratic Republic of Yemen unsuccessfully attempts to secede
from the Republic of Yemen; a war breaks out.

1992 - After 30 seasons Johnny Carson hosted his penultimate episode and last featuring guests (Robin Williams and Bette Midler) of The Tonight Show.

1991 - Mengistu Haile Mariam, president of the People's Democratic Republic
of Ethiopia, flees Ethiopia, effectively bringing the Ethiopian Civil War to an end.

1991 - Former Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi is assassinated by a female suicide bomber near Madras.

1988 - Margaret Thatcher holds her controversial Sermon on the Mound before the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland.

1982 - Falklands War: A British amphibious assault during Operation Sutton leads to the Battle of San Carlos.

1981 - Transamerica Corporation agrees to sell United Artists to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer for $380 million after the box office failure of the
1980 film Heaven's Gate.

1981 - The Italian government releases the membership list of Propaganda Due, an illegal pseudo-Masonic lodge that was implicated in numerous Italian
crimes and mysteries.

1979 - White Night riots in San Francisco following the manslaughter conviction of Dan White for the assassinations of George Moscone and Harvey Milk.

1976 - Twenty-nine people are killed in the Yuba City bus disaster in Martinez, California.

1972 - Michelangelo's Pieta in St. Peter's Basilica in Rome is damaged by a vandal, the mentally disturbed Hungarian geologist Laszlo Toth.

1969 - Civil unrest in Rosario, Argentina, known as Rosariazo, following the death of a 15-year-old student.

1966 - The Ulster Volunteer Force declares war on the Irish Republican Army
in Northern Ireland.

1961 - American civil rights movement: Alabama Governor John Malcolm
Patterson declares martial law in an attempt to restore order after race
riots break out.

1951 - The opening of the Ninth Street Show, otherwise known as the 9th
Street Art Exhibition: A gathering of a number of notable artists, and the stepping-out of the post war New York avant-garde, collectively known as the New York School.

1946 - Physicist Louis Slotin is fatally irradiated in a criticality incident during an experiment with the demon core at Los Alamos National Laboratory.

1939 - The Canadian National War Memorial is unveiled by King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

1937 - A Soviet station, North Pole-1, becomes the first scientific research settlement to operate on the drift ice of the Arctic Ocean.

1936 - Sada Abe is arrested after wandering the streets of Tokyo for days
with her dead lover's severed genitals in her handbag. Her story soon becomes one of Japan's most notorious scandals.

1934 - Oskaloosa, Iowa, becomes the first municipality in the United States
to fingerprint all of its citizens.

1932 - Bad weather forces Amelia Earhart to land in a pasture in Derry, Northern Ireland, and she thereby becomes the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean.

1927 - Charles Lindbergh touches down at Le Bourget Field in Paris,
completing the world's first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean.

1925 - The opera Doktor Faust, unfinished when composer Ferruccio Busoni
died, is premiered in Dresden.

1924 - University of Chicago students Richard Loeb and Nathan Leopold, Jr. murder 14-year-old Bobby Franks in a "thrill killing".

1917 - The Great Atlanta fire of 1917 causes $5.5 million in damages, destroying some 300 acres including 2,000 homes, businesses and churches, displacing about 10,000 people but leading to only one fatality (due to heart attack).

1917 - The Imperial War Graves Commission is established through royal
charter to mark, record, and maintain the graves and places of commemoration of the British Empire's military forces.

1911 - President of Mexico Porfirio Diaz and the revolutionary Francisco Madero sign the Treaty of Ciudad Juarez to put an end to the fighting
between the forces of both men, concluding the initial phase of the Mexican Revolution.

1904 - The Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) is
founded in Paris.

1894 - The Manchester Ship Canal in the United Kingdom is officially opened
by Queen Victoria, who later knights its designer Sir Edward Leader Williams.

1881 - The American Red Cross is established by Clara Barton in Dansville,
New York.

1879 - War of the Pacific: Two Chilean ships blocking the harbor of Iquique (then belonging to Peru) battle two Peruvian vessels in the Battle of Iquique.

1871 - Opening of the first rack railway in Europe, the Rigi Bahnen on Mount Rigi.

1871 - French troops invade the Paris Commune and engage its residents in street fighting. By the close of "Bloody Week", some 20,000 communards have been killed and 38,000 arrested.

1864 - The Ionian Islands reunite with Greece.

1864 - American Civil War: The Battle of Spotsylvania Court House ends.

1864 - Russia declares an end to the Russo-Circassian War and many
Circassians are forced into exile. The day is designated the Circassian Day
of Mourning.

1863 - American Civil War: The Union Army succeeds in closing off the last escape route from Port Hudson, Louisiana, in preparation for the coming siege.

1856 - Lawrence, Kansas is captured and burned by pro-slavery forces.

1851 - Slavery in Colombia is abolished.

1809 - The first day of the Battle of Aspern-Essling between the Austrian
army led by Archduke Charles and the French army led by Napoleon I of France sees the French attack across the Danube held.

1799 - The end of the Siege of Acre (1799): Napoleon Bonaparte abandons his siege of the Ottoman city of Acre after two months. This was the turning
point of Bonaparte's Egyptian campaign and one of the first major defeats he suffered in his military career.

1792 - A lava dome collapses on Mount Unzen, near the city of Shimbara on the Japanese island of Kyushu, creating a deadly tsunami that killed nearly
15,000 people.

1758 - Ten-year-old Mary Campbell is abducted in Pennsylvania by Lenape
during the French and Indian War. She is returned six and a half years later.

1725 - The Order of St. Alexander Nevsky is instituted in Russia by Empress Catherine I. It would later be discontinued and then reinstated by the Soviet government in 1942 as the Order of Alexander Nevsky.

1703 - Daniel Defoe is imprisoned on charges of seditious libel.

1674 - The nobility elect John Sobieski King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania.

1660 - The Battle of Long Sault concludes after five days in which French colonial militia, with their Huron and Algonquin allies, are defeated by the Iroquois Confederacy.

1659 - In the Concert of The Hague, the Dutch Republic, the Commonwealth of England and the Kingdom of France set out their views on how the Second Northern War should end.

1554 - Queen Mary I grants a royal charter to Derby School, as a grammar school for boys in Derby, England.

1403 - Henry III of Castile sends Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo as ambassador to Timur to discuss the possibility of an alliance between Timur and Castile against the Ottoman Empire.

1349 - Dusan's Code, the constitution of the Serbian Empire, is enacted by Dusan the Mighty.

996 - Sixteen-year-old Otto III is crowned Holy Roman Emperor.

879 - Pope John VIII gives blessings to Branimir of Croatia and to the Croatian people, considered to be international recognition of the Croatian state.

878 - Syracuse, Sicily, is captured by the Muslim Aghlabids after a
nine-month siege.

293 - Roman Emperors Diocletian and Maximian appoint Galerius as Caesar to Diocletian, beginning the period of four rulers known as the Tetrarchy.

--- Temp: 10°C | Humidity: 69% | Wind: 13 km/h (gust 15) | Pressure: 1026.75 mb
* Origin: Northern Realms (618:400/23)

This Day in History
-------------------

2021 - Hypothermia kills 21 runners in the 100 km (60-mile) Gansu ultramarathon disaster in China.

2020 - Pakistan International Airlines Flight 8303 crashes in Model Colony near Jinnah International Airport in Karachi, Pakistan, killing 98 people.

2017 - United States President Donald Trump visits the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem and becomes the first sitting U.S. president to visit the Western Wall.

2017 - Twenty-two people are killed at an Ariana Grande concert in the 2017 Manchester Arena bombing.

2015 - The Republic of Ireland becomes the first nation in the world to utilise a public referendum to legalise gay marriage.

2014 - An explosion occurs in Urumqi, capital of China's far-western
Xinjiang region, resulting in at least 43 deaths and 91 injuries.

2014 - General Prayut Chan-o-cha becomes interim leader of Thailand in a military coup d'etat, following six months of political turmoil.

2013 - Fusilier Lee Rigby is murdered by 2 Islamic extremists in Woolwich, Southeast London

2012 - SpaceX COTS Demo Flight 2 launches a Dragon capsule on a Falcon 9 rocket in the first commercial flight to the International Space Station.

2012 - Tokyo Skytree opens to the public. It is the tallest tower in the
world (634 m), and the second tallest man-made structure on Earth after Burj Khalifa (829.8 m).

2011 - An EF5 tornado strikes Joplin, Missouri, killing 158 people and wreaking $2.8 billion in damages, the costliest and seventh-deadliest single tornado in U.S. history.

2010 - Inter Milan beat Bayern Munich 2-0 in the UEFA Champions League final in Madrid, Spain to become the first, and so far only, Italian team to win
the historic treble (Serie A, Coppa Italia, Champions League).

2010 - Air India Express Flight 812, a Boeing 737 crashes over a cliff upon landing at Mangalore, India, killing 158 of 166 people on board, becoming the deadliest crash involving a Boeing 737 until the crash of Lion Air Flight 610.

2002 - Civil rights movement: A jury in Birmingham, Alabama, convicts former Ku Klux Klan member Bobby Frank Cherry of the 1963 murder of four girls in
the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing.

2000 - In Sri Lanka, over 150 Tamil rebels are killed over two days of fighting for control in Jaffna.

1998 - A U.S. federal judge rules that U.S. Secret Service agents can be compelled to testify before a grand jury concerning the Lewinsky scandal involving President Bill Clinton.

1996 - The Burmese military regime jails 71 supporters of Aung San Suu Kyi in a bid to block a pro-democracy meeting.

1994 - A worldwide trade embargo against Haiti goes into effect to punish its military rulers for not reinstating the country's ousted elected leader, Jean-Bertrand Aristide.

1992 - Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Slovenia join the United Nations.

1990 - North and South Yemen are unified to create the Republic of Yemen.

1987 - First ever Rugby World Cup kicks off with New Zealand playing Italy at Eden Park in Auckland, New Zealand.

1987 - Hashimpura massacre occurs in Meerut, India.

1972 - Over 400 women in Derry, Northern Ireland attack the offices of Sinn Fein following the shooting by the Irish Republican Army of a young British soldier on leave.

1972 - Ceylon adopts a new constitution, becoming a republic and changing its name to Sri Lanka.

1969 - Apollo 10's Lunar Module flies within 8.4 nautical miles (16 km) of
the Moon's surface.

1968 - The nuclear-powered submarine USS Scorpion sinks with 99 men aboard, 400 nautical miles (740 km) southwest of the Azores.

1967 - L'Innovation department store in Brussels, Belgium, burns down, resulting in 323 dead or missing and 150 injured, the most devastating fire
in Belgian history.

1967 - Egypt closes the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping.

1964 - U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson launches his Great Society program.

1963 - Greek left-wing politician Grigoris Lambrakis is clubbed over the
head, causing his death five days later.

1962 - Continental Airlines Flight 11 crashes in Unionville, Missouri after bombs explode on board, killing 45.

1960 - The Great Chilean earthquake, measuring 9.5 on the moment magnitude scale, hits southern Chile, becoming the most powerful earthquake ever recorded.

1958 - The 1958 riots in Ceylon become a watershed in the race relations of various ethnic communities of Sri Lanka. The total deaths are estimated at 300, mostly Tamils.

1957 - South Africa's government approves of racial separation in universities.

1948 - Finnish President J. K. Paasikivi releases Yrjo Leino from his duties as interior minister after the Finnish parliament adopted a motion of censure of Leino with connection to his illegal handing over of nineteen people to
the Soviet Union in 1945.

1947 - Cold War: The Truman Doctrine goes into effect, aiding Turkey and Greece.

1943 - Joseph Stalin disbands the Comintern.

1942 - Mexico enters the Second World War on the side of the Allies.

1941 - During the Anglo-Iraqi War, British troops take Fallujah.

1939 - World War II: Germany and Italy sign the Pact of Steel.

1927 - Near Xining, China, an 8.3 magnitude earthquake causes 200,000 deaths in one of the world's most destructive earthquakes.

1926 - Chiang Kai-shek replaces the communists in Kuomintang China.[vague]

1915 - Three trains collide in the Quintinshill rail disaster near Gretna Green, Scotland, killing 227 people and injuring 246.

1915 - Lassen Peak erupts with a powerful force, the only volcano besides Mount St. Helens to erupt in the contiguous U.S. during the 20th century.

1906 - The Wright brothers are granted U.S. patent number 821,393 for their "Flying-Machine".

1905 - The Sultan of the Ottoman Empire Abdul Hamid II establishes the Ullah millet for the Aromanians of the empire. For this reason, the Aromanian National Day is sometimes celebrated on this day, although most do so on May 23 instead, which is when this event was publicly announced.

1874 - Verdi's Requiem was first performed at San Marco in Milan on the first anniversary of Manzoni's death.

1872 - Reconstruction Era: President Ulysses S. Grant signs the Amnesty Act into law, restoring full civil and political rights to all but about 500 Confederate sympathizers.

1866 - Oliver Winchester founded the Winchester Repeating Arms.

1864 - American Civil War: After ten weeks, the Union Army's Red River Campaign ends in failure.

1863 - American Civil War: Union forces begin the Siege of Port Hudson which lasts 48 days, the longest siege in U.S. military history.

1856 - Congressman Preston Brooks of South Carolina severely beats Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts with a cane in the hall of the United States Senate for a speech Sumner had made regarding Southerners and slavery.

1849 - Future U.S. President Abraham Lincoln is issued a patent for an invention to lift boats, making him the only U.S. president to ever hold a patent.

1848 - Slavery is abolished in Martinique.

1846 - The Associated Press is formed in New York City as a non-profit news cooperative.

1840 - The penal transportation of British convicts to the New South Wales colony is abolished.

1826 - HMS Beagle departs on its first voyage.

1819 - SS Savannah leaves port at Savannah, Georgia, United States, on a voyage to become the first steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean.

1816 - A mob in Littleport, Cambridgeshire, England, riots over high unemployment and rising grain costs, and the riots spread to Ely the next day.

1809 - On the second and last day of the Battle of Aspern-Essling (near Vienna, Austria), Napoleon I is defeated in a major battle for the first time in his career, and repelled by an enemy army for the first time in a decade.

1807 - A grand jury indicts former Vice President of the United States Aaron Burr on a charge of treason.

1804 - The Lewis and Clark Expedition officially begins as the Corps of Discovery departs from St. Charles, Missouri.

1766 - A large earthquake causes heavy damage and loss of life in Istanbul
and the Marmara region.

1762 - Trevi Fountain is officially completed and inaugurated in Rome.

1762 - Sweden and Prussia sign the Treaty of Hamburg.

1629 - Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II and Danish King Christian IV sign the Treaty of Lubeck ending Danish intervention in the Thirty Years' War.

1520 - The massacre at the festival of Toxcatl takes place during the Fall
of Tenochtitlan, resulting in turning the Aztecs against the Spanish.

1455 - Start of the Wars of the Roses: At the First Battle of St Albans, Richard, Duke of York, defeats and captures King Henry VI of England.

1377 - Pope Gregory XI issues five papal bulls to denounce the doctrines of English theologian John Wycliffe.

1370 - Brussels massacre: An estimated 13 Jews are murdered and the rest of the Jewish community is banished from Brussels, Belgium, in an anti-Semitic attack, for allegedly desecrating consecrated Host.

1254 - Serbian King Stefan Uros I and the Republic of Venice sign a peace treaty.

1246 - Henry Raspe is elected anti-king of the Kingdom of Germany in opposition to Conrad IV.

1200 - King John of England and King Philip II of France sign the Treaty of
Le Goulet.

1176 - The Hashshashin (Assassins) attempt to assassinate Saladin near Aleppo.

853 - A Byzantine fleet sacks and destroys undefended Damietta in Egypt.

760 - Fourteenth recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet.

192 - Dong Zhuo is assassinated by his adopted son Lu Bu.

--- Temp: 9°C | Humidity: 70% | Wind: 7 km/h (gust 9) | Pressure: 1028.11 mb
* Origin: Northern Realms (618:400/23)

This Day in History
-------------------

2022 - Anthony Albanese of the Australian Labor Party is sworn in as the 31st Prime Minister of Australia after winning the 2022 Australian federal election, ending 9 years of conservative rule.

2021 - Ryanair Flight 4978 is forced to land by Belarusian authorities to detain dissident journalist Roman Protasevich.

2021 - A cable car falls from a mountain near Lake Maggiore in northern
Italy, killing 14 people.

2017 - Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte declares martial law in Mindanao, following the Maute's attack in Marawi.

2016 - Eight bombings are carried out by the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria in Jableh and Tartus, coastline cities in Syria. One hundred eighty-four people are killed and at least 200 people injured.

2016 - Two suicide bombings, conducted by the Islamic State of Iraq and
Syria, kill at least 45 potential army recruits in Aden, Yemen.

2015 - At least 30 people are killed as a result of floods and tornadoes in Texas, Oklahoma, and northern Mexico.

2014 - Seven people, including the perpetrator, are killed and another 14 injured in a killing spree near the campus of University of California, Santa Barbara.

2013 - A freeway bridge carrying Interstate 5 over the Skagit River collapses in Mount Vernon, Washington.

2008 - The International Court of Justice (ICJ) awards Middle Rocks to Malaysia and Pedra Branca (Pulau Batu Puteh) to Singapore, ending a 29-year territorial dispute between the two countries.

2006 - Alaskan stratovolcano Mount Cleveland erupts.

2002 - The "55 parties" clause of the Kyoto Protocol is reached after its ratification by Iceland.

1998 - The Good Friday Agreement is accepted in a referendum in Northern Ireland with roughly 75% voting yes.

1995 - The first version of the Java programming language is released.

1992 - Italy's most prominent anti-mafia judge Giovanni Falcone, his wife and three body guards are killed by the Corleonesi clan with a half-ton bomb near Capaci, Sicily. His friend and colleague Paolo Borsellino will be
assassinated less than two months later, making 1992 a turning point in the history of Italian Mafia prosecutions.

1991 - Aeroflot Flight 8556 crashes at Pulkovo Airport, killing 13.

1978 - A Tupolev Tu-144 crashes near the Russian town of Yegoryevsk, killing two.

1971 - The Intercontinental Hotel in Bucharest opens, becoming the second-tallest building in the city.

1971 - Seventy-eight people are killed when Aviogenex Flight 130 crashes on approach to Rijeka Airport in present-day Rijeka, Croatia (then the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia).

1960 - A tsunami caused by an earthquake in Chile the previous day kills 61 people in Hilo, Hawaii.

1951 - Tibetans sign the Seventeen Point Agreement with China.

1949 - Cold War: The Western occupying powers approve the Basic Law and establish a new German state, the Federal Republic of Germany.

1948 - Thomas C. Wasson, the US Consul-General, is assassinated in Jerusalem, Israel.

1946 - The start of a two-day tornado outbreak across the Central United States that spawned at least 15 significant tornadoes.

1945 - World War II: Germany's Flensburg Government under Karl Donitz is dissolved when its members are arrested by British forces.

1945 - World War II: Heinrich Himmler, head of the Schutzstaffel, commits suicide while in Allied custody.

1941 - World War II: German paratroopers start a series of mass executions of Greek civilians in Missiria for their participation in the ongoing Battle of Crete.

1939 - The U.S. Navy submarine USS Squalus sinks off the coast of New Hampshire during a test dive, causing the death of 24 sailors and two
civilian technicians. The remaining 32 sailors and one civilian naval architect are rescued the following day.

1934 - The Auto-Lite strike culminates in the "Battle of Toledo", a five-day melee between 1,300 troops of the Ohio National Guard and 6,000 picketers.

1934 - American bank robbers Bonnie and Clyde are ambushed by police and killed in Bienville Parish, Louisiana.

1932 - In Brazil, four students are shot and killed during a manifestation against the Brazilian dictator Getulio Vargas, which resulted in the
outbreak of the Constitutionalist Revolution several weeks later.

1919 - Sheikh Mahmud Barzanji, a Kurdish sheikh and at-the-time governor of the Slemani Province of British Iraq, initiates the first Mahmud Barzanji revolt.

1915 - World War I: Italy joins the Allies, fulfilling its part of the Treaty of London.

1911 - The New York Public Library is dedicated.

1907 - The unicameral Parliament of Finland gathers for its first plenary session.

1905 - Abdul Hamid II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, publicly announces the creation of the Ullah millet for the Aromanians of the empire, which had been established one day earlier. For this reason, the Aromanian National Day is usually celebrated on May 23, although some do so on May 22 instead.

1900 - American Civil War: Sergeant William Harvey Carney is awarded the
Medal of Honor for his heroism in the Assault on the Battery Wagner in 1863.

1873 - The Canadian Parliament establishes the North-West Mounted Police, the forerunner of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police.

1863 - The General German Workers' Association, a precursor of the modern Social Democratic Party of Germany, is founded in Leipzig, Kingdom of Saxony.

1846 - Mexican-American War: President Mariano Paredes of Mexico unofficially declares war on the United States.

1844 - Bab: A merchant of Shiraz announces that he is a Prophet and founds a religious movement. He is considered to be a forerunner of the Baha'i
Faith.

1829 - Accordion patent granted to Cyrill Demian in Vienna, Austrian Empire.

1793 - Battle of Famars during the Flanders Campaign of the War of the First Coalition.

1788 - South Carolina became the eighth state to ratify the United States Constitution.

1706 - John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, defeats a French army under Marshal Francois de Neufville, duc de Villeroy at the Battle of Ramillies.

1618 - The Third Defenestration of Prague precipitates the Thirty Years' War.

1609 - Official ratification of the Second Virginia Charter takes place.

1568 - Dutch rebels led by Louis of Nassau defeat Jean de Ligne and his loyalist troops in the Battle of Heiligerlee, opening the Eighty Years' War.

1533 - The marriage of King Henry VIII to Catherine of Aragon is declared
null and void.

1498 - Girolamo Savonarola is burned at the stake in Florence, Italy.

1430 - Joan of Arc is captured at the Siege of Compiegne by troops from the Burgundian faction.

--- Temp: 11°C | Humidity: 88% | Wind: 7 km/h (gust 8) | Pressure: 1022.69 mb
* Origin: Northern Realms (618:400/23)

This Day in History
-------------------

2022 - A mass shooting occurs at Robb Elementary School in Uvalde, Texas, United States, resulting in the deaths of 21 people, including 19 children.

2019 - Under pressure over her handling of Brexit, British Prime Minister Theresa May announces her resignation as Leader of the Conservative Party, effective as of June 7.

2019 - Twenty-two students die in a fire in Surat (India).

2014 - At least three people are killed in a shooting at Brussels' Jewish Museum of Belgium.

2014 - A 6.4 magnitude earthquake occurs in the Aegean Sea between Greece and Turkey, injuring 324 people.

2002 - Russia and the United States sign the Moscow Treaty.

2000 - Israeli troops withdraw from southern Lebanon after 22 years of occupation.

1999 - The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in The Hague, Netherlands indicts Slobodan Milosevic and four others for war
crimes and crimes against humanity committed in Kosovo.

1995 - While attempting to return to Leeds Bradford Airport in the United Kingdom, Knight Air Flight 816 crashes in Dunkeswick, North Yorkshire,
killing all 12 people on board.

1994 - Four men are convicted of bombing the World Trade Center in New York
in 1993; each one is sentenced to 240 years in prison.

1993 - Roman Catholic Cardinal Juan Jesus Posadas Ocampo and five other
people are assassinated in a shootout at Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
Guadalajara International Airport in Mexico.

1993 - Eritrea gains its independence from Ethiopia.

1992 - The ethnic cleansing in Kozarac, Bosnia and Herzegovina begins when Serbian militia and police forces enter the town.

1992 - The last Thai dictator, General Suchinda Kraprayoon, resigns following pro-democracy protests.

1991 - Israel conducts Operation Solomon, evacuating Ethiopian Jews to Israel.

1988 - Section 28 of the United Kingdom's Local Government Act 1988, a controversial amendment stating that a local authority cannot intentionally promote homosexuality, is enacted.

1982 - Liberation of Khorramshahr: Iranians recapture of the port city of Khorramshahr from the Iraqis during the Iran-Iraq War.

1981 - Ecuadorian president Jaime Roldos Aguilera, his wife, and his presidential committee die in an aircraft accident while travelling from
Quito to Zapotillo minutes after the president gave a famous speech regarding the 24 de mayo anniversary of the Battle of Pichincha.

1976 - The Judgment of Paris takes place in France, launching California as a worldwide force in the production of quality wine.

1967 - Belle de Jour, directed by Luis Bunuel, is released.

1967 - Egypt imposes a blockade and siege of the Red Sea coast of Israel.

1962 - Project Mercury: American astronaut Scott Carpenter orbits the Earth three times in the Aurora 7 space capsule.

1961 - American civil rights movement: Freedom Riders are arrested in
Jackson, Mississippi, for "disturbing the peace" after disembarking from
their bus.

1960 - Following the 1960 Valdivia earthquake, the largest ever recorded earthquake, Cordon Caulle begins to erupt.

1958 - United Press International is formed through a merger of the United Press and the International News Service.

1956 - The first Eurovision Song Contest is held in Lugano, Switzerland.

1948 - Arab-Israeli War: Egypt captures the Israeli kibbutz of Yad Mordechai, but the five-day effort gives Israeli forces time to prepare enough to stop the Egyptian advance a week later.

1944 - Congress of Permet occurs which establishes a provisional government
in Albania in areas under partisan control, the first independent Albanian government since 1939. In honor of this the national emblem of Albania inscribed this date from 1946 until 1992.

1944 - Borse Berlin building burns down after being hit in an air raid
during World War II.

1941 - World War II: Battle of the Atlantic: In the Battle of the Denmark Strait, the German battleship Bismarck sinks the pride of the Royal Navy,
HMS Hood, killing all but three crewmen.

1940 - Acting on the orders of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, NKVD agent Iosif Grigulevich orchestrates an unsuccessful assassination attempt on exiled Russian revolutionary Leon Trotsky in Coyoacan, Mexico.

1940 - Igor Sikorsky performs the first successful single-rotor helicopter flight.

1935 - The first night game in Major League Baseball history is played in Cincinnati, Ohio, with the Cincinnati Reds beating the Philadelphia Phillies 2-1 at Crosley Field.

1930 - Amy Johnson lands in Darwin, Northern Territory, becoming the first woman to fly solo from England to Australia (she left on May 5 for the 11,000 mile flight).

1900 - Second Boer War: The United Kingdom annexes the Orange Free State.

1883 - The Brooklyn Bridge in New York City is opened to traffic after 14 years of construction.

1873 - Patrick Francis Healy becomes the first black president of a predominantly white university in the United States.

1861 - American Civil War: Union troops occupy Alexandria, Virginia, with Colonel Elmer E. Ellsworth becoming the first Union officer to be killed during the war.

1856 - John Brown and his men kill five slavery supporters at Pottawatomie Creek, Kansas.

1844 - Samuel Morse sends the message "What hath God wrought" (a biblical quotation, Numbers 23:23) from a committee room in the United States Capitol to his assistant, Alfred Vail, in Baltimore, Maryland, to inaugurate a commercial telegraph line between Baltimore and Washington D.C.

1832 - The First Kingdom of Greece is declared in the London Conference.

1822 - Battle of Pichincha: Antonio Jose de Sucre secures the independence
of the Presidency of Quito.

1813 - South American independence leader Simon Bolivar enters Merida,
leading the invasion of Venezuela, and is proclaimed El Libertador ("The Liberator").

1798 - The Irish Rebellion of 1798 led by the United Irishmen against British rule begins.

1738 - John Wesley is converted, essentially launching the Methodist
movement; the day is celebrated annually by Methodists as Aldersgate Day and
a church service is generally held on the preceding Sunday.

1689 - The English Parliament passes the Act of Toleration protecting dissenting Protestants but excluding Roman Catholics.

1683 - The Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, England, opens as the world's first university museum.

1667 - The French Royal Army crosses the border into the Spanish Netherlands, starting the War of Devolution opposing France to the Spanish Empire and the Triple Alliance.

1626 - Peter Minuit buys Manhattan.

1621 - The Protestant Union is formally dissolved.

1607 - Jamestown, the first permanent English colony in North America, is founded.

1595 - Nomenclator of Leiden University Library appears, the first printed catalog of an institutional library.

1567 - Erik XIV of Sweden and his guards murder five incarcerated Swedish nobles.

1487 - The ten-year-old Lambert Simnel is crowned in Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin, Ireland, with the name of Edward VI in a bid to threaten King Henry VII's reign.

1276 - Magnus Ladulas is crowned King of Sweden in Uppsala Cathedral.

1218 - The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt.

919 - The nobles of Franconia and Saxony elect Henry the Fowler at the Imperial Diet in Fritzlar as king of the East Frankish Kingdom.

--- Temp: 11°C | Humidity: 98% | Wind: 2 km/h (gust 4) | Pressure: 1018.96 mb
* Origin: Northern Realms (618:400/23)

This Day in History
-------------------

2018 - Ireland votes to repeal the Eighth Amendment of their constitution
that prohibits abortion in all but a few cases, choosing to replace it with the Thirty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland.

2018 - The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) becomes enforceable in the European Union.

2013 - Suspected Maoist rebels kill at least 28 people and injure 32 others
in an attack on a convoy of Indian National Congress politicians in Chhattisgarh, India.

2012 - The SpaceX Dragon 1 becomes the first commercial spacecraft to successfully rendezvous and berth with the International Space Station.

2011 - Oprah Winfrey airs her last show, ending her 25-year run of The Oprah Winfrey Show.

2009 - North Korea allegedly tests its second nuclear device, after which Pyongyang also conducts several missile tests, building tensions in the international community.

2008 - NASA's Phoenix lander touches down in the Green Valley region of Mars to search for environments suitable for water and microbial life.

2002 - China Airlines Flight 611 disintegrates in mid-air and crashes into
the Taiwan Strait, with the loss of all 225 people on board.

2001 - Erik Weihenmayer becomes the first blind person to reach the summit of Mount Everest, in the Himalayas, with Dr. Sherman Bull.

2000 - Liberation Day of Lebanon: Israel withdraws its army from Lebanese territory (with the exception of the disputed Shebaa farms zone) 18 years after the invasion of 1982.

1999 - The United States House of Representatives releases the Cox Report which details China's nuclear espionage against the U.S. over the prior two decades.

1997 - A military coup in Sierra Leone replaces President Ahmad Tejan Kabbah with Major Johnny Paul Koroma.

1986 - The Hands Across America event takes place.

1985 - Bangladesh is hit by a tropical cyclone and storm surge, which kills approximately 10,000 people.

1982 - Falklands War: HMS Coventry is sunk by Argentine Air Force A-4 Skyhawks.

1981 - In Riyadh, the Gulf Cooperation Council is created between Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.

1979 - American Airlines Flight 191: A McDonnell Douglas DC-10 crashes during takeoff at O'Hare International Airport, Chicago, killing all 271 on board
and two people on the ground.

1979 - John Spenkelink, a convicted murderer, is executed in Florida; he is the first person to be executed in the state after the reintroduction of capital punishment in 1976.

1978 - The first of a series of bombings orchestrated by the Unabomber detonates at Northwestern University resulting in minor injuries.

1977 - The Chinese government removes a decade-old ban on William Shakespeare's work, effectively ending the Cultural Revolution started in 1966.

1977 - Star Wars (retroactively titled Star Wars: Episode IV - A New Hope) is released in US theaters.

1973 - In protest against the dictatorship in Greece, the captain and crew on Greek naval destroyer Velos mutiny and refuse to return to Greece, instead anchoring at Fiumicino, Italy.

1971 - Joetha Collier, a recent high school graduate, was killed in a
shooting in Drew, Mississippi, attracting extensive attention from the media and civil rights activists.

1968 - The Gateway Arch in St. Louis, Missouri, is dedicated.

1966 - Explorer program: Explorer 32 launches.

1963 - The Organisation of African Unity is established in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

1961 - Apollo program: U.S. President John F. Kennedy announces, before a special joint session of the U.S. Congress, that the United States "should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth."

1955 - First ascent of Mount Kangchenjunga: On the British Kangchenjunga expedition led by Charles Evans, Joe Brown and George Band reach the summit
of the third-highest mountain in the world (8,586 meters); Norman Hardie and Tony Streather join them the following day.

1955 - In the United States, a night-time F5 tornado strikes the small city
of Udall, Kansas as part of a larger outbreak across the Great Plains,
killing 80 and injuring 273. It is the deadliest tornado to ever occur in the state and the 23rd deadliest in the U.S.

1953 - The first public television station in the United States officially begins broadcasting as KUHT from the campus of the University of Houston.

1953 - Nuclear weapons testing: At the Nevada Test Site, the United States conducts its first and only nuclear artillery test.

1946 - The parliament of Transjordan makes Abdullah I of Jordan their Emir.

1940 - World War II: The German 2nd Panzer Division captures the port of Boulogne-sur-Mer; the surrender of the last French and British troops marks the end of the Battle of Boulogne.

1938 - Spanish Civil War: The bombing of Alicante kills 313 people.

1935 - Jesse Owens of Ohio State University breaks three world records and ties a fourth at the Big Ten Conference Track and Field Championships in Ann Arbor, Michigan.

1933 - The Walt Disney Company cartoon Three Little Pigs premieres at Radio City Music Hall, featuring the hit song "Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf?"

1926 - Sholom Schwartzbard assassinates Symon Petliura, the head of the government of the Ukrainian People's Republic, which is in
government-in-exile in Paris.

1925 - Scopes Trial: John T. Scopes is indicted for teaching human evolution in Tennessee.

1914 - The House of Commons of the United Kingdom passes the Home Rule Bill for devolution in Ireland.

1895 - The Republic of Formosa is formed, with Tang Jingsong as its president.

1895 - Playwright, poet and novelist Oscar Wilde is convicted of "committing acts of gross indecency with other male persons" and sentenced to serve two years in prison.

1878 - Gilbert and Sullivan's comic opera H.M.S. Pinafore opens at the Opera Comique in London.

1865 - In Mobile, Alabama, around 300 people are killed when an ordnance
depot explodes.

1833 - The Chilean Constitution of 1833 is promulgated.

1819 - The Argentine Constitution of 1819 is promulgated.

1810 - May Revolution: Citizens of Buenos Aires expel Viceroy Baltasar
Hidalgo de Cisneros during the "May Week", starting the Argentine War of Independence.

1809 - Chuquisaca Revolution: Patriot revolt in Chuquisaca (modern-day Sucre) against the Spanish Empire, sparking the Latin American wars of independence.

1798 - United Irishmen Rebellion: Battle of Carlow begins; executions of suspected rebels at Carnew and at Dunlavin Green take place.

1787 - After a delay of 11 days, the United States Constitutional Convention formally convenes in Philadelphia after a quorum of seven states is secured.

1763 - First issue of Norske Intelligenz-Seddeler, the first regular
Norwegian newspaper (1763-1920).

1738 - A treaty between Pennsylvania and Maryland ends the Conojocular War with settlement of a boundary dispute and exchange of prisoners.

1660 - Charles II lands at Dover at the invitation of the Convention Parliament, which marks the end of the Cromwell-proclaimed Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland and begins the Restoration of the British monarchy.

1659 - Richard Cromwell resigns as Lord Protector of England following the restoration of the Long Parliament, beginning a second brief period of the republican government called the Commonwealth of England.

1644 - Ming general Wu Sangui forms an alliance with the invading Manchus and opens the gates of the Great Wall of China at Shanhaiguan pass, letting the Manchus through towards the capital Beijing.

1521 - The Diet of Worms ends when Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, issues the Edict of Worms, declaring Martin Luther an outlaw.

1420 - Henry the Navigator is appointed governor of the Order of Christ.

1085 - Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toledo, Spain, back from the Moors.

240 BC - First recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet.

567 BC - Servius Tullius, the king of Rome, celebrates a triumph for his victory over the Etruscans.

--- Temp: 19°C | Humidity: 90% | Wind: 0 km/h (gust 0) | Pressure: 1019.64 mb
* Origin: Northern Realms (618:400/23)

This Day in History
-------------------

2025 - 65 people are injured when a car rams into a crowd on Water Street, near Liverpool F.C.'s Premier League trophy parade.

2021 - Ten people are killed in a shooting at a VTA rail yard in San Jose, California, United States.

2020 - Protests triggered by the murder of George Floyd erupt in Minneapolis-Saint Paul, later becoming widespread across the United States
and around the world.

2014 - Narendra Modi takes oath as the 15th Prime Minister of India.

2008 - Severe flooding begins in eastern and southern China that will ultimately cause 148 deaths and force the evacuation of 1.3 million.

2003 - Ukrainian-Mediterranean Airlines Flight 4230 crashes in the Turkish town of Macka, killing 75.

2002 - The tugboat Robert Y. Love collides with a support pier of Interstate 40 on the Arkansas River near Webbers Falls, Oklahoma, resulting in 14 deaths and 11 others injured.

1998 - A MIAT Mongolian Airlines Harbin Y-12 crashes near Erdenet, Orkhon Province, Mongolia, resulting in 28 deaths.

1998 - The first "National Sorry Day" is held in Australia. Reconciliation events are held nationally, and attended by over a million people.

1998 - The Supreme Court of the United States rules in New Jersey v. New York that Ellis Island, the historic gateway for millions of immigrants, is mainly in the state of New Jersey, not New York.

1991 - Lauda Air Flight 004 breaks apart in mid-air and crashes in the Phu Toei National Park in the Suphan Buri province of Thailand, killing all 223 people on board.

1991 - Zviad Gamsakhurdia becomes the first elected President of the Republic of Georgia in the post-Soviet era.

1986 - The European Community adopts the European flag.

1983 - The 7.8 Mw Sea of Japan earthquake shakes northern Honshu with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe). A destructive tsunami is generated that leaves about 100 people dead.

1981 - An EA-6B Prowler crashes on the flight deck of the aircraft carrier
USS Nimitz, killing 14 crewmen and injuring 45 others.

1981 - Italian Prime Minister Arnaldo Forlani and his coalition cabinet
resign following a scandal over membership of the pseudo-masonic lodge P2 (Propaganda Due).

1972 - Cold War: The United States and the Soviet Union sign the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty.

1971 - Bangladesh Liberation War: The Pakistan Army slaughters at least 71 Hindus in Burunga, Sylhet, Bangladesh.

1970 - The Soviet Tupolev Tu-144 becomes the first commercial transport to exceed Mach 2.

1969 - Apollo program: Apollo 10 returns to Earth after a successful
eight-day test of all the components needed for the forthcoming first crewed Moon landing.

1968 - H-dagurinn in Iceland: Traffic changes from driving on the left to driving on the right overnight.

1967 - The Beatles' album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band is released.

1966 - British Guiana gains independence, becoming Guyana.

1948 - The U.S. Congress passes Public Law 80-557, which permanently establishes the Civil Air Patrol as an auxiliary of the United States Air Force.

1942 - World War II: The Battle of Gazala begins, in present-day Libya.

1940 - World War II: The Siege of Calais ends with the surrender of the British and French garrison.

1940 - World War II: Operation Dynamo: In northern France, Allied forces
begin a massive evacuation from Dunkirk, France. The Battle of Dunkirk begins simultaneously as Allied defenders fight to slow down the German offensive.

1938 - In the United States, the House Un-American Activities Committee
begins its first session.

1937 - Walter Reuther and members of the United Auto Workers (UAW) clash with Ford Motor Company security guards at the River Rouge Complex in Dearborn, Michigan, during the Battle of the Overpass.

1936 - In the House of Commons of Northern Ireland, Tommy Henderson begins speaking on the Appropriation bill. By the time he sits down in the early hours of the following morning, he had spoken for ten hours.

1927 - The last Ford Model T rolls off the assembly line after a production run of 15,007,003 vehicles.

1923 - The first 24 Hours of Le Mans is held in France. Run annually in June thereafter, it became the oldest endurance racing event in the world.

1918 - The Democratic Republic of Georgia is established.

1908 - The first major commercial oil strike in the Middle East is made at Masjed Soleyman in southwest Persia. The rights to the resource were quickly acquired by the Anglo-Persian Oil Company.

1903 - Romanul de la Pind, the longest-running newspaper by and about Aromanians until World War II, is founded.

1900 - Thousand Days' War: The Colombian Conservative Party turns the tide of war in their favor with victory against the Colombian Liberal Party in the Battle of Palonegro.

1896 - Charles Dow publishes the first edition of the Dow Jones Industrial Average.

1896 - Nicholas II is crowned as the last Tsar of Imperial Russia.

1879 - Russia and the United Kingdom sign the Treaty of Gandamak establishing an Afghan state.

1869 - Boston University is chartered by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

1868 - Impeachment of Andrew Johnson: President Andrew Johnson is acquitted
by one vote in the United States Senate.

1865 - Conclusion of the American Civil War: The Confederate General Edmund Kirby Smith, commander of the Trans-Mississippi division, is the last full general of the Confederate Army to surrender, at Galveston, Texas.

1864 - Montana is organized as a United States territory.

1822 - At least 113 people die in the Grue Church fire, the biggest fire disaster in Norway's history.

1821 - Establishment of the Peloponnesian Senate by the Greek rebels.

1805 - Napoleon Bonaparte assumes the title of King of Italy and is crowned with the Iron Crown of Lombardy in Milan Cathedral, the gothic cathedral in Milan.

1783 - A Great Jubilee Day held at North Stratford, Connecticut, celebrates the end of fighting in the American Revolutionary War.

1736 - The Battle of Ackia is fought near the present site of Tupelo, Mississippi. British and Chickasaw soldiers repel a French and Choctaw attack on the then-Chickasaw village of Ackia.

1644 - Portuguese Restoration War: Portuguese and Spanish forces both claim victory in the Battle of Montijo.

1637 - Pequot War: A combined English and Mohegan force under John Mason attacks a village in Connecticut, massacring approximately 500 Pequots.

1573 - The Battle of Haarlemmermeer, a naval engagement in the Eighty Years' War.

1538 - Geneva expels John Calvin and his followers from the city. Calvin
lives in exile in Strasbourg for the next three years.

1328 - William of Ockham, the Franciscan Minister-General Michael of Cesena, and two other Franciscan leaders secretly leave Avignon, fearing a death sentence from Pope John XXII.

1293 - An earthquake strikes Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan, killing about 23,000.

1135 - Alfonso VII of Leon and Castile is crowned in Leon Cathedral as Imperator totius Hispaniae (Emperor of all of Spain).

961 - King Otto I elects his six-year-old son Otto II as heir apparent and co-ruler of the East Frankish Kingdom. He is crowned at Aachen, and placed under the tutelage of his grandmother Matilda.

946 - England is left temporarily without a monarch after the death of King Edmund I in a street fight, resulting in Edmund's brother Eadred assuming the throne for the minority of Edmund's two sons.

866 - Basil I is crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire by Michael III.

451 - Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sasanian Empire takes place. The Sasanids defeat the Armenians militarily but guarantee them
freedom to openly practice Christianity.

17 - Germanicus celebrates a triumph in Rome for his victories over the Cherusci, Chatti, and other German tribes west of the Elbe.

--- Temp: 21°C | Humidity: 68% | Wind: 0 km/h (gust 1) | Pressure: 1019.30 mb
* Origin: Northern Realms (618:400/23)

This Day in History
-------------------

2018 - Maryland Flood Event: A flood occurs throughout the Patapsco Valley, causing one death, destroying the entire first floors of buildings on Main Street in Ellicott City, and causing cars to overturn.

2017 - Andrew Scheer takes over after Rona Ambrose as the leader of the Conservative Party of Canada.

2016 - Barack Obama is the first president of the United States to visit Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park and meet Hibakusha.

2014 - The football club Kerala Blasters FC and its first supporters' group Manjappada are formed.

2006 - The 6.4 Mw Yogyakarta earthquake shakes central Java with an MSK intensity of VIII (Damaging), leaving more than 5,700 dead and 37,000 injured.

2001 - Members of Abu Sayyaf, an Islamist separatist group, seize twenty hostages from an affluent island resort on Palawan in the Philippines; the hostage crisis would not be resolved until June 2002.

1999 - Space Shuttle Discovery is launched on STS-96, the first shuttle mission to dock with the International Space Station.

1998 - Oklahoma City bombing: Michael Fortier is sentenced to 12 years in prison and fined $200,000 for failing to warn authorities about the terrorist plot.

1997 - The 1997 Central Texas tornado outbreak occurs, spawning multiple tornadoes in Central Texas, including the F5 that killed 27 in Jarrell.

1996 - First Chechen War: Russian president Boris Yeltsin meets with Chechen rebels for the first time and negotiates a cease-fire.

1988 - Somaliland War of Independence: The Somali National Movement launches
a major offensive against Somali government forces in Hargeisa and Burao,
then the second- and third-largest cities of Somalia.

1984 - The Danube-Black Sea Canal is opened, in a ceremony attended by the Ceausescus. It had been under construction since the 1950s.

1980 - The Gwangju Massacre: Airborne and army troops of South Korea retake the city of Gwangju from civil militias, killing at least 207 and possibly many more.

1977 - A plane crash at Jose Marti International Airport in Havana, Cuba, kills 67.

1975 - Dibbles Bridge coach crash near Grassington, in North Yorkshire, England, kills 33 - the highest ever death toll in a road accident in the United Kingdom.

1971 - Pakistani forces massacre over 200 civilians, mostly Bengali Hindus,
in the Bagbati massacre.

1971 - The Dahlerau train disaster, the worst railway accident in West Germany, kills 46 people and injures 25 near Wuppertal.

1967 - The U.S. Navy aircraft carrier USS John F. Kennedy is launched by Jacqueline Kennedy and her daughter Caroline.

1967 - Australians vote in favor of a constitutional referendum granting the Australian government the power to make laws to benefit Indigenous
Australians and to count them in the national census.

1965 - Vietnam War: American warships begin the first bombardment of National Liberation Front targets within South Vietnam.

1962 - The Centralia mine fire is ignited in the town's landfill above a coal mine.

1960 - In Turkey, a military coup removes President Celal Bayar and the rest of the democratic government from office.

1958 - First flight of the McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II.

1950 - The Linnanmaki amusement park is opened for the first time in
Helsinki.

1942 - World War II: In Operation Anthropoid, Reinhard Heydrich is fatally wounded in Prague; he dies of his injuries eight days later.

1941 - World War II: The German battleship Bismarck is sunk in the North Atlantic, killing almost 2,100 men.

1941 - World War II: U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt proclaims an "unlimited national emergency".

1940 - World War II: In the Le Paradis massacre, 99 soldiers from a Royal Norfolk Regiment unit are shot after surrendering to German troops; two survive.

1937 - In California, the Golden Gate Bridge opens to pedestrian traffic, creating a vital link between San Francisco and Marin County, California.

1935 - New Deal: The Supreme Court of the United States declares the National Industrial Recovery Act to be unconstitutional in A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, (295 U.S. 495).

1933 - New Deal: The U.S. Federal Securities Act is signed into law requiring the registration of securities with the Federal Trade Commission.

1930 - The 1,046 feet (319 m) Chrysler Building in New York City, the
tallest man-made structure at the time, opens to the public.

1927 - The Ford Motor Company ceases manufacture of the Ford Model T and begins to retool plants to make the Ford Model A.

1919 - The NC-4 aircraft arrives in Lisbon after completing the first transatlantic flight.

1917 - Pope Benedict XV promulgates the 1917 Code of Canon Law, the first comprehensive codification of Catholic canon law in the legal history of the Catholic Church.

1915 - HMS Princess Irene explodes and sinks off Sheerness, Kent, with the loss of 352 lives.

1905 - Russo-Japanese War: The Battle of Tsushima begins.

1896 - The F4-strength St. Louis-East St. Louis tornado hits in St. Louis, Missouri, and East St. Louis, Illinois, killing at least 255 people and causing over $10 million in damage.

1883 - Alexander III is crowned Tsar of Russia.

1874 - The first group of Dorsland trekkers under the leadership of Gert Alberts leaves Pretoria.

1863 - American Civil War: The first Union infantry assault of the Siege of Port Hudson occurs.

1860 - Giuseppe Garibaldi begins the Siege of Palermo, part of the wars of Italian unification.

1813 - War of 1812: In Canada, American forces capture Fort George.

1799 - War of the Second Coalition: Austrian forces defeat the French at Winterthur, Switzerland.

1798 - The Battle of Oulart Hill takes place in Wexford, Ireland; Irish rebel leaders defeat and kill a detachment of militia.

1798 - The Pitt-Tierney duel takes place on Putney Heath outside London. A bloodless duel between the prime minister of Great Britain William Pitt the Younger and his political opponent George Tierney.

1703 - Tsar Peter the Great founds the city of Saint Petersburg.

1644 - Manchu regent Dorgon defeats rebel leader Li Zicheng of the Shun dynasty at the Battle of Shanhai Pass, allowing the Manchus to enter and conquer the capital city of Beijing.

1257 - Richard of Cornwall, and his wife, Sanchia of Provence, are crowned King and Queen of the Germans at Aachen Cathedral.

1199 - John is crowned King of England.

1153 - Malcolm IV becomes King of Scotland.

1120 - Richard III of Capua is anointed as Prince two weeks before his untimely death.

1096 - Count Emicho enters Mainz, where his followers massacre Jewish citizens. At least 600 Jews are killed.

--- Temp: 24°C | Humidity: 52% | Wind: 0 km/h (gust 0) | Pressure: 1013.88 mb
* Origin: Northern Realms (618:400/23)

This Day in History
-------------------

2017 - Former Formula One driver Takuma Sato wins his first Indianapolis 500, the first Japanese and Asian driver to do so. Double world champion Fernando Alonso retires from an engine issue in his first entry of the event.

2016 - Harambe, a gorilla, is shot to death after grabbing a three-year-old boy in his enclosure at the Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, resulting in widespread criticism and sparking various internet memes.

2013 - Start of the Gezi Park protests in Turkey.

2012 - The Arkankergen massacre in Kazakhstan's Alakol District kills 15 people.

2011 - Malta votes on the introduction of divorce; the proposal was approved by 53% of voters, resulting in a law allowing divorce under certain
conditions being enacted later in the year.

2010 - In West Bengal, India, the Jnaneswari Express train derailment and subsequent collision kills 148 passengers.

2008 - The first meeting of the Constituent Assembly of Nepal formally declares Nepal a republic, ending the 240-year reign of the Shah dynasty.

2004 - The Iraqi Governing Council chooses Ayad Allawi, a longtime
anti-Saddam Hussein exile, as prime minister of Iraq's interim government.

2003 - Peter Hollingworth resigns as Governor-General of Australia following criticism of his handling of child sexual abuse allegations during his tenure as Anglican Archbishop of Brisbane.

2002 - The last steel girder is removed from the original World Trade Center site. Cleanup duties officially end with closing ceremonies at Ground Zero in Manhattan, New York City.

1999 - In Milan, Italy, after 22 years of restoration work, Leonardo da Vinci's masterpiece The Last Supper is put back on display.

1998 - Nuclear testing: Pakistan responds to a series of nuclear tests by India with five of its own codenamed Chagai-I, prompting the United States, Japan, and other nations to impose economic sanctions. Pakistan celebrates Youm-e-Takbir annually.

1996 - U.S. President Bill Clinton's former business partners in the Whitewater land deal, Jim McDougal and Susan McDougal, and the Governor of Arkansas, Jim Guy Tucker, are convicted of fraud.

1995 - The 7.0 Mw Neftegorsk earthquake shakes the former Russian
settlement of Neftegorsk with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). Total damage was $64.1-300 million, with 1,989 deaths and 750 injured. The settlement was not rebuilt.

1991 - The capital city of Addis Ababa falls to the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front, ending both the Derg regime in Ethiopia and the Ethiopian Civil War.

1987 - An 18-year-old West German pilot, Mathias Rust, evades Soviet Union
air defences and lands a private plane in Red Square in Moscow, Russia.

1979 - Konstantinos Karamanlis signs the full treaty of the accession of Greece with the European Economic Community.

1977 - The Beverly Hills Supper Club in Southgate, Kentucky, is engulfed by fire, killing 165 people inside.

1975 - At Brampton Centennial Secondary School, student Michael Slobodian kills two people and injures 13 others before committing suicide.

1975 - Fifteen West African countries sign the Treaty of Lagos, creating the Economic Community of West African States.

1974 - Northern Ireland's power-sharing Sunningdale Agreement collapses following a general strike by loyalists.

1968 - Garuda Indonesian Airways Flight 892 crashes near Nala Sopara in
India, killing 30.

1964 - The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) is founded, with Yasser Arafat elected as its first leader.

1962 - The Soviet Kosmos 5 satellite is launched.

1961 - Peter Benenson's article The Forgotten Prisoners is published in several internationally read newspapers. This will later be thought of as the founding of the human rights organization Amnesty International.

1958 - Cuban Revolution: Fidel Castro's 26th of July Movement, heavily reinforced by Frank Pais Militia, overwhelm an army post in El Uvero.

1948 - Daniel Francois Malan is elected as Prime Minister of South Africa.
He later goes on to implement Apartheid.

1940 - World War II: Norwegian, French, Polish and British forces recapture Narvik in Norway. This is the first Allied infantry victory of the War.

1940 - World War II: Belgium surrenders to Nazi Germany to end the Battle of Belgium.

1937 - Volkswagen, the German automobile manufacturer, is founded.

1936 - Alan Turing submits On Computable Numbers for publication.

1934 - Near Callander, Ontario, Canada, the Dionne quintuplets are born to Oliva and Elzire Dionne; they will be the first quintuplets to survive infancy.

1932 - In the Netherlands, construction of the Afsluitdijk is completed and the Zuiderzee bay is converted to the freshwater IJsselmeer.

1926 - The 28 May 1926 coup d'etat: Ditadura Nacional is established in Portugal to suppress the unrest of the First Republic.

1918 - The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and the First Republic of Armenia declare their independence.

1907 - The first Isle of Man TT race is held.

1905 - Russo-Japanese War: The Battle of Tsushima ends with the destruction
of the Russian Baltic Fleet by Admiral Togo Heihachiro and the Imperial Japanese Navy.

1892 - In San Francisco, John Muir organizes the Sierra Club.

1871 - The Paris Commune falls after two months.

1830 - U.S. President Andrew Jackson signs the Indian Removal Act which
denies Native Americans their land rights and forcibly relocates them.

1802 - In Guadeloupe, 400 rebellious slaves, led by Louis Delgres, blow themselves up rather than submit to Napoleon's troops.

1754 - French and Indian War: In the first engagement of the war, Virginia militia under the 22-year-old Lieutenant colonel George Washington defeat a French reconnaissance party in the Battle of Jumonville Glen in what is now Fayette County in southwestern Pennsylvania.

1644 - English Civil War: Bolton Massacre by Royalist troops under the
command of James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby.

1588 - The Spanish Armada, with 130 ships and 30,000 men, sets sail from Lisbon, Portugal, heading for the English Channel. (It will take until May 30 for all ships to leave port.)

1533 - The Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, declares the marriage of King Henry VIII of England to Anne Boleyn valid.

1347 - Marriage of Byzantine Emperor John V Palaiologos and Helena Kantakouzene.

1242 - Avignonet massacre: A group of Cathars, with the probable connivance
of Count Raymond VII of Toulouse, murdered the inquisitor William Arnaud and eleven of his companions.

934 - English king AEthelstan begins his invasion of Scotland with.

621 - Battle of Hulao: Li Shimin, the son of the Chinese emperor Gaozu, defeats the numerically superior forces of Dou Jiande near the Hulao Pass (Henan). This victory decides the outcome of the civil war that followed the Sui dynasty's collapse in favour of the Tang dynasty.

585 BC - A solar eclipse occurs, as predicted by the Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling Cyaxares in the Battle of the Eclipse, leading to a truce. This is one of the cardinal dates from which other dates can be calculated. It is also the earliest event of which the precise date is known.

--- Temp: 17°C | Humidity: 65% | Wind: 4 km/h (gust 6) | Pressure: 1018.29 mb
* Origin: Northern Realms (618:400/23)

This Day in History
-------------------

2022 - Tara Air Flight 197 crashes in Nepal's Mustang District, killing 22.

2021 - A Cessna Citation I/SP crashes into Percy Priest Lake in Tennessee, killing all six people on board, including actor Joe Lara and his wife Gwen Shamblin Lara.

2020 - An oil spill in Norilsk releases 17,500 tons of diesel oil into nearby rivers.

2015 - One World Observatory at One World Trade Center opens.

2012 - A 5.8-magnitude earthquake hits northern Italy near Bologna, killing
at least 24 people.

2008 - A doublet earthquake, of combined magnitude 6.1, strikes Iceland near the town of Selfoss, injuring 30 people.

2005 - France rejects the Constitution of the European Union in a national referendum.

2004 - The National World War II Memorial is dedicated in Washington, D.C.

2001 - The U.S. Supreme Court rules that the disabled golfer Casey Martin can use a cart to ride in tournaments.

1999 - Space Shuttle Discovery completes the first docking with the International Space Station.

1999 - Olusegun Obasanjo takes office as President of Nigeria, the first elected and civilian head of state in Nigeria after 16 years of military rule.

1993 - The Miss Sarajevo beauty pageant is held in war-torn Sarajevo drawing global attention to the plight of its citizens.

1990 - The Congress of People's Deputies of Russia elects Boris Yeltsin as President of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.

1989 - Signing of an agreement between Egypt and the United States that
allows for the manufacture of F-16 Falcon parts in Egypt.

1988 - U.S. President Ronald Reagan begins his first visit to the Soviet
Union when he arrives in Moscow for a superpower summit with the Soviet
leader Mikhail Gorbachev.

1985 - Amputee Steve Fonyo completes cross-Canada marathon at Victoria, British Columbia, after 14 months.

1985 - Heysel Stadium disaster: Thirty-nine association football fans die and hundreds are injured when a dilapidated retaining wall collapses.

1982 - Falklands War: the British Army defeats the Argentine Army at the Battle of Goose Green.

1982 - Pope John Paul II becomes the first pontiff to visit Canterbury Cathedral.

1974 - SETA, a Finnish LGBT rights organisation, is founded in Helsinki.

1973 - Tom Bradley is elected the first black mayor of Los Angeles, California.

1964 - Having deposed them in a January coup South Vietnamese leader Nguyen Khanh had rival Generals Tran Van Don and Le Van Kim convicted of
"lax morality".

1964 - The Arab League meets in East Jerusalem to discuss the Palestinian question, leading to the formation of the Palestine Liberation Organization.

1962 - Chinese police open fire on protesters in Yining, Xinjiang, killing at least five people and wounding a dozen others.

1953 - Edmund Hillary and Sherpa Tenzing Norgay become the first people to reach the summit of Mount Everest, on Tenzing Norgay's (adopted) 39th birthday.

1950 - The St. Roch, the first ship to circumnavigate North America, arrives in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.

1948 - United Nations Truce Supervision Organization is founded.

1947 - United Airlines Flight 521 crashes at LaGuardia Airport, killing 43.

1945 - First combat mission of the Consolidated B-32 Dominator heavy bomber.

1935 - First flight of the Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter aeroplane.

1932 - World War I veterans begin to assemble in Washington, D.C., in the Bonus Army to request cash bonuses promised to them to be paid in 1945.

1931 - Michele Schirru, a citizen of the United States, is executed by a
Royal Italian Army firing squad for intent to kill Benito Mussolini.

1920 - The Louth flood of 1920 was a severe flash flooding in the
Lincolnshire market town of Louth, resulting in 23 fatalities in 20 minutes. It has been described as one of the most significant flood disasters in the United Kingdom during the 20th century.

1919 - Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity is tested (later confirmed) by Arthur Eddington and Andrew Claude de la Cherois Crommelin.

1918 - Armenia defeats the Ottoman Army in the Battle of Sardarabad.

1914 - The Ocean liner RMS Empress of Ireland sinks in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence with the loss of 1,012 lives.

1913 - Igor Stravinsky's ballet score The Rite of Spring receives its
premiere performance in Paris, France, provoking a riot.

1903 - In the May Coup, Alexander I, King of Serbia, and Queen Draga, are assassinated in Belgrade by the Black Hand (Crna Ruka) organization.

1900 - N'Djamena is founded as Fort-Lamy by the French commander Emile
Gentil.

1886 - The pharmacist John Pemberton places his first advertisement for Coca-Cola, which appeared in The Atlanta Journal.

1867 - The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 ("the Compromise") is born through Act 12, which establishes the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

1864 - Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico arrives in Mexico for the first time.

1861 - The Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce is founded, in Hong Kong.

1852 - Jenny Lind leaves New York after her two-year American tour.

1851 - Sojourner Truth delivers her famous Ain't I a Woman? speech at the Woman's Rights Convention in Akron, Ohio.

1825 - The Coronation of Charles X of France takes place in Reims Cathedral, the last ever coronation of a French monarch.

1807 - Mustafa IV became Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and Caliph of Islam.

1798 - United Irishmen Rebellion: Between 300 and 500 United Irishmen are executed as rebels by the British Army in County Kildare, Ireland.

1790 - Rhode Island becomes the last of North America's original Thirteen Colonies to ratify the Constitution and become one of the United States.

1780 - American Revolutionary War: At the Waxhaws Massacre, the British continue attacking after the Continentals lay down their arms, killing 113
and critically wounding all but 53 that remained.

1733 - The right of settlers in New France to enslave natives is upheld at Quebec City.

1660 - English Restoration: Charles II is restored to the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland.

1658 - Battle of Samugarh: decisive battle in the struggle for the throne during the Mughal war of succession (1658-1659).

1453 - Fall of Constantinople: Ottoman armies under Sultan Mehmed II capture Constantinople after a 53-day siege, ending the Roman Empire after over 2,000 years.

1416 - Battle of Gallipoli: The Venetians under Pietro Loredan defeat a much larger Ottoman fleet off Gallipoli.

1328 - Philip VI is crowned King of France.

1233 - Mongol-Jin war: The Mongols entered Kaifeng after a successful siege and began looting in the fallen capital of the Jin dynasty.

1176 - Battle of Legnano: The Lombard League defeats Emperor Frederick I.

1167 - Battle of Monte Porzio: A Roman army supporting Pope Alexander III is defeated by Christian of Buch and Rainald of Dassel.

1108 - Battle of Ucles: Almoravid troops under the command of Tamim ibn
Yusuf defeat a Castile and Leon alliance under the command of Prince Sancho Alfonsez.

363 - The Roman emperor Julian defeats the Sasanian army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the Sasanian capital, but is unable to take the city.

--- Temp: 17°C | Humidity: 69% | Wind: 0 km/h (gust 1) | Pressure: 1018.29 mb
* Origin: Northern Realms (618:400/23)

This Day in History
-------------------

2024 - Donald Trump is convicted of falsifying business records in his New York trial, the first time a former President of the United States has been found guilty in a criminal case.

2020 - The Crew Dragon Demo-2 launches from the Kennedy Space Center,
becoming the first crewed orbital spacecraft to launch from the United States since 2011 and the first commercial flight to the International Space Station.

2013 - Nigeria passes a law banning same-sex marriage.

2012 - Former Liberian president Charles Taylor is sentenced to 50 years in prison for his role in atrocities committed during the Sierra Leone Civil War.

2008 - TACA Flight 390 overshoots the runway at Toncontin International Airport in Tegucigalpa, Honduras and crashes, killing five people.

2008 - Convention on Cluster Munitions is adopted.

2003 - Depayin massacre: At least 70 people associated with the National League for Democracy are killed by government-sponsored mob in Burma. Aung
San Suu Kyi flees the scene, but is arrested soon afterwards.

1998 - Nuclear Testing: Pakistan conducts an underground test in the Kharan Desert. It is reported to be a plutonium device with yield of 20kt TNT equivalent.

1998 - The 6.5 Mw Afghanistan earthquake shook the Takhar Province of northern Afghanistan with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VII (Very strong), killing around 4,000-4,500.

1990 - Croatian Parliament is constituted after the first free, multi-party elections, today celebrated as the National Day of Croatia.

1989 - Tiananmen Square protests of 1989: The 10-metre high "Goddess of Democracy" statue is unveiled in Tiananmen Square by student demonstrators.

1982 - Cold War: Spain joins NATO.

1979 - Downeast Flight 46 crashes on approach to Knox County Regional Airport in Rockland, Maine, killing 17.

1975 - European Space Agency is established.

1974 - The Airbus A300 passenger aircraft first enters service.

1972 - In Ben Gurion Airport (at the time: Lod Airport), Israel, members of the Japanese Red Army carry out the Lod Airport massacre, killing 24 people and injuring 78 others.

1972 - The Angry Brigade goes on trial over a series of 25 bombings
throughout the United Kingdom.

1971 - Mariner program: Mariner 9 is launched to map 70% of the surface, and to study temporal changes in the atmosphere and surface, of Mars.

1968 - Charles de Gaulle reappears publicly after his flight to Baden-Baden, West Germany, and dissolves the French National Assembly by a radio appeal. Immediately after, less than one million of his supporters march on the Champs-Elysees in Paris. This is the turning point of May 1968 events in France.

1967 - The Nigerian Eastern Region declares independence as the Republic of Biafra, sparking a civil war.

1966 - Former Congolese Prime Minister, Evariste Kimba, and several other politicians are publicly executed in Kinshasa on the orders of President Joseph Mobutu.

1963 - A protest against pro-Catholic discrimination during the Buddhist crisis is held outside South Vietnam's National Assembly, the first open demonstration during the eight-year presidency of Ngo Dinh Diem.

1961 - Viasa Flight 897 crashes after takeoff from Lisbon Airport, killing 61.

1961 - The long-time Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo is assassinated in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.

1959 - The Auckland Harbour Bridge, crossing the Waitemata Harbour in Auckland, New Zealand, is officially opened by Governor-General Charles Lyttelton, 10th Viscount Cobham.

1958 - Memorial Day: The remains of two unidentified American servicemen, killed in action during World War II and the Korean War respectively, are buried at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Arlington National Cemetery.

1948 - A dike along the flooding Columbia River breaks, obliterating Vanport, Oregon within minutes. Fifteen people die and tens of thousands are left homeless.

1943 - The Holocaust: Josef Mengele becomes chief medical officer of the Zigeunerfamilienlager (Romani family camp) at Auschwitz concentration camp.

1942 - World War II: One thousand British bombers launch a 90-minute attack
on Cologne, Germany.

1941 - World War II: Manolis Glezos and Apostolos Santas climb the Athenian Acropolis and tear down the German flag.

1937 - Memorial Day massacre: Chicago police shoot and kill ten labor demonstrators.

1925 - May Thirtieth Movement: Shanghai Municipal Police Force shoot and kill 13 protesting workers.

1922 - The Lincoln Memorial is dedicated in Washington, D.C.

1914 - The new, and then the largest, Cunard ocean liner RMS Aquitania,
45,647 tons, sets sails on her maiden voyage from Liverpool, England, to New York City.

1913 - The Treaty of London is signed, ending the First Balkan War; Albania becomes an independent nation.

1911 - At the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, the first Indianapolis 500 ends with Ray Harroun in his Marmon Wasp becoming the first winner of the 500-mile auto race.

1899 - Pearl Hart, a female outlaw of the Old West, robs a stage coach 30 miles southeast of Globe, Arizona.

1883 - In New York City, 12 people are killed in a stampede on the recently opened Brooklyn Bridge.

1876 - The secret decree of Ems Ukaz, issued by Russian Tsar Alexander II in the German city of Bad Ems, was aimed at stopping the printing and distribution of Ukrainian-language publications in the Russian Empire.

1876 - Ottoman sultan Abdulaziz is deposed and succeeded by his nephew Murad V.

1868 - Decoration Day (the predecessor of the modern "Memorial Day") is observed in the United States for the first time after a proclamation by John A. Logan, head of the Grand Army of the Republic (a veterans group).

1866 - Bedrich Smetana's comic opera The Bartered Bride premiered in Prague.

1862 - American Civil War: The Siege of Corinth ends in a Union victory, with General Henry Halleck capturing the critical rail junction of Corinth, Mississippi from retreating Confederate forces under General P. G. T. Beauregard.

1854 - The Kansas-Nebraska Act becomes law establishing the U.S. territories of Kansas and Nebraska.

1845 - The Fatel Razack coming from India, lands in the Gulf of Paria in Trinidad and Tobago carrying the first Indians to the country.

1842 - John Francis attempts to murder Queen Victoria as she drives down Constitution Hill in London with Prince Albert.

1834 - Minister of Justice Joaquim Antonio de Aguiar issues a law seizing
"all convents, monasteries, colleges, hospices and any other houses" from the Catholic religious orders in Portugal, earning him the nickname of "The Friar-Killer".

1815 - The East Indiaman Arniston is wrecked during a storm at Waenhuiskrans, near Cape Agulhas, in present-day South Africa, with the loss of 372 lives.

1814 - The First Treaty of Paris is signed, returning the French frontiers to their 1792 extent, and restoring the House of Bourbon to power.

1806 - Future U.S. President Andrew Jackson kills Charles Dickinson in a duel.

1796 - War of the First Coalition: In the Battle of Borghetto, Napoleon Bonaparte manages to cross the Mincio River against the Austrian army. This crossing forces the Austrians to abandon Lombardy and retreat to the Tyrol, leaving the fortress of Mantua as the sole remaining Austrian stronghold in Northern Italy.

1723 - Johann Sebastian Bach assumed the office of Thomaskantor in Leipzig, presenting his first new cantata, Die Elenden sollen essen, BWV 75, in the
St. Nicholas Church on the first Sunday after Trinity.

1642 - From this date all honors granted by Charles I of England are retroactively annulled by Parliament.

1635 - Thirty Years' War: The Peace of Prague is signed.

1631 - Publication of Gazette de France, the first French newspaper.

1588 - The last ship of the Spanish Armada sets sail from Lisbon heading for the English Channel.

1574 - Henry III becomes King of France.

1539 - In Florida, Hernando de Soto lands at Tampa Bay with 600 soldiers with the goal of finding gold.

1536 - King Henry VIII of England marries Jane Seymour, a lady-in-waiting to his first two wives.

1510 - During the reign of the Zhengde Emperor, Ming dynasty rebel leader Zhu Zhifan is defeated by commander Qiu Yue, ending the Prince of Anhua rebellion.

1434 - Hussite Wars: Battle of Lipany: Effectively ending the war, Utraquist forces led by Divis Borek of Miletinek defeat and almost annihilate
Taborite forces led by Prokop the Great.

1431 - Hundred Years' War: In Rouen, France, the 19-year-old Joan of Arc is burned at the stake by an English-dominated tribunal.

1416 - The Council of Constance, called by Emperor Sigismund, a supporter of Antipope John XXIII, burns Jerome of Prague following a trial for heresy.

1381 - Beginning of the Peasants' Revolt in England.

70 - Siege of Jerusalem: Titus and his Roman legions breach the Second Wall
of Jerusalem. Jewish defenders retreat to the First Wall. The Romans build a circumvallation, cutting down all trees within fifteen kilometres (9.3 mi).

--- Temp: 12°C | Humidity: 62% | Wind: 11 km/h (gust 15) | Pressure: 1019.98 mb
* Origin: Northern Realms (618:400/23)

This Day in History
-------------------

2019 - A shooting occurs inside a municipal building at Virginia Beach, Virginia, leaving 13 people dead, including the shooter, and four others injured.

2017 - A car bomb explodes in a crowded intersection in Kabul near the German embassy during rush hour, killing over 90 and injuring 463.

2016 - Syrian civil war: The Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) launch the Manbij offensive, in order to capture the city of Manbij from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL).

2013 - A record breaking 2.6 mile wide tornado strikes near El Reno,
Oklahoma, United States, causing eight fatalities (including three storm chasers) and over 150 injuries.

2013 - The asteroid 1998 QE2 and its moon make their closest approach to
Earth for the next two centuries.

2010 - Israeli Shayetet 13 commandos boarded the Gaza Freedom Flotilla while still in international waters trying to break the ongoing blockade of the
Gaza Strip; nine Turkish citizens on the flotilla were killed in the ensuing violent affray.

2008 - Space Shuttle Discovery launches on STS-124 carrying the second
portion of the Japanese Kibo module to the International Space Station.

2008 - Usain Bolt breaks the world record in the 100m sprint, with a wind-legal (+1.7 m/s) 9.72 seconds.

2005 - Vanity Fair reveals that Mark Felt was "Deep Throat".

2003 - Air France retires its fleet of Concorde aircraft.

1997 - The Confederation Bridge opens, linking Prince Edward Island with mainland New Brunswick.

1991 - Bicesse Accords in Angola lay out a transition to multi-party
democracy under the supervision of the United Nations' UNAVEM II peacekeeping mission.

1985 - United States-Canada tornado outbreak: Forty-one tornadoes hit Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, and Ontario, leaving 76 dead.

1977 - The Trans-Alaska Pipeline System is completed.

1973 - Indian Airlines Flight 440 crashes near Palam Airport in Delhi,
killing 48.

1973 - The United States Senate votes to cut off funding for the bombing of Khmer Rouge targets within Cambodia, hastening the end of the Cambodian Civil War.

1971 - In accordance with the Uniform Monday Holiday Act passed by the U.S. Congress in 1968, observation of Memorial Day occurs on the last Monday in
May for the first time, rather than on the traditional Memorial Day of May 30.

1970 - The 7.9 Mw Ancash earthquake shakes Peru with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe) and a landslide buries the town of Yungay, Peru. Between 66,794 and 70,000 were killed and 50,000 were injured.

1962 - The West Indies Federation dissolves.

1961 - In Moscow City Court, the Rokotov-Faibishenko show trial begins, despite the Khrushchev Thaw to reverse Stalinist elements in Soviet society.

1961 - The South African Constitution of 1961 becomes effective, thus
creating the Republic of South Africa, which remains outside the Commonwealth of Nations until 1 June 1994, when South Africa is returned to Commonwealth membership.

1955 - The U.S. Supreme Court expands on its Brown v. Board of Education decision by ordering district courts and school districts to enforce educational desegregation "at all deliberate speed."

1951 - The Uniform Code of Military Justice takes effect as the legal system of the United States Armed Forces.

1947 - Ferenc Nagy, the democratically elected Prime Minister of Hungary, resigns from office after blackmail from the Hungarian Communist Party accusing him of being part of a plot against the state. This grants the Communists effective control of the Hungarian government.

1942 - World War II: Imperial Japanese Navy midget submarines begin a series of attacks on Sydney, Australia.

1941 - Anglo-Iraqi War: The United Kingdom completes the re-occupation of
Iraq and returns 'Abd al-Ilah to power as regent for Faisal II.

1935 - A 7.7 Mw earthquake destroys Quetta in modern-day Pakistan killing 40,000.

1924 - Hope Development School fire kills 24 people, mostly disabled children.

1921 - The Tulsa race massacre kills at least 39, but other estimates of
black fatalities vary from 55 to about 300.

1916 - World War I: Battle of Jutland: The British Grand Fleet engages the High Seas Fleet in the largest naval battle of the war, which proves indecisive.

1911 - The President of Mexico Porfirio Diaz flees the country during the Mexican Revolution.

1911 - The RMS Titanic is launched in Belfast, Northern Ireland.

1910 - The South Africa Act comes into force, establishing the Union of South Africa.

1909 - The National Negro Committee, forerunner to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), convenes for the first time.

1906 - The attempted regicide of Spanish King Alfonso XIII and Queen Victoria Eugenie on their wedding day instead kills 24

1902 - Second Boer War: The Treaty of Vereeniging ends the war and ensures British control of South Africa.

1889 - Johnstown Flood: Over 2,200 people die after a dam fails and sends a 60-foot (18-meter) wall of water over the town of Johnstown, Pennsylvania.

1884 - The arrival at Plymouth of Tawhiao, King of Maoris, to claim the protection of Queen Victoria.

1879 - Gilmore's Garden in New York City is renamed Madison Square Garden by William Henry Vanderbilt and is opened to the public at 26th Street and Madison Avenue.

1864 - American Civil War: Overland Campaign: Battle of Cold Harbor: The Army of Northern Virginia engages the Army of the Potomac.

1862 - American Civil War: Peninsula Campaign: Confederate forces under
Joseph E. Johnston and G.W. Smith engage Union forces under George B. McClellan outside the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia.

1859 - The clock tower at the Houses of Parliament, which houses Big Ben, starts keeping time.

1813 - In Australia, William Lawson, Gregory Blaxland and William Wentworth reach Mount Blaxland, effectively marking the end of a route across the Blue Mountains.

1805 - French and Spanish forces begin the assault against British forces occupying Diamond Rock, Martinique.

1795 - French Revolution: The Revolutionary Tribunal is suppressed.

1790 - The United States enacts its first copyright statute, the Copyright
Act of 1790.

1790 - Manuel Quimper explores the Strait of Juan de Fuca.

1775 - American Revolution: The Mecklenburg Resolves are adopted in the Province of North Carolina.

1669 - Citing poor eyesight as a reason, Samuel Pepys records the last event in his diary.

1610 - The pageant London's Love to Prince Henry on the River Thames celebrates the creation of Prince Henry as Prince of Wales.

1578 - King Henry III lays the first stone of the Pont Neuf (New Bridge), the oldest bridge of Paris, France.

1293 - Mongols depart Java after the failed Mongol invasion against King Kertanegara of Singhasari.

1223 - Mongol invasion of the Cumans: Battle of the Kalka River: Mongol
armies of Genghis Khan led by Subutai defeat Kievan Rus' and Cumans.

1215 - Zhongdu (now Beijing), then under the control of the Jurchen ruler Emperor Xuanzong of Jin, is captured by the Mongols under Genghis Khan,
ending the Battle of Zhongdu.

455 - Emperor Petronius Maximus is stoned to death by an angry mob while fleeing Rome.

--- Temp: 19°C | Humidity: 56% | Wind: 0 km/h (gust 0) | Pressure: 1020.66 mb
* Origin: Northern Realms (618:400/23)

This Day in History
-------------------

2015 - A ship carrying 458 people capsizes in the Yangtze river in China's Hubei province, killing 442 people.

2011 - Space Shuttle Endeavour makes its final landing after 25 flights.

2011 - A rare tornado outbreak occurs in New England; a strong EF3 tornado strikes Springfield, Massachusetts, during the event, killing four people.

2009 - General Motors files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. It is the fourth largest United States bankruptcy in history.

2009 - Air France Flight 447 crashes into the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Brazil on a flight from Rio de Janeiro to Paris. All 228 passengers and crew are killed.

2008 - A fire on the back lot of Universal Studios breaks out, destroying the attraction King Kong Encounter and a large archive of master tapes for music and film, the full extent of which was not revealed until 2019.

2007 - Cyclone Gonu develops from an area of convection in the Arabian Sea, becoming the worst recorded natural disaster in Oman.

2004 - Oklahoma City bombing co-conspirator Terry Nichols is sentenced to 161 consecutive life terms without the possibility of parole.

2001 - Dolphinarium discotheque massacre: A Hamas suicide bomber kills 21 at
a disco in Tel Aviv.

2001 - Nepalese royal massacre: Crown Prince Dipendra of Nepal shoots and kills several members of his family including his father and mother.

1999 - American Airlines Flight 1420 slides and crashes while landing at Little Rock National Airport, killing 11 people on a flight from Dallas to Little Rock.

1994 - Republic of South Africa becomes a republic in the Commonwealth of Nations.

1993 - Dobrinja mortar attack: Thirteen are killed and 133 wounded when Serb mortar shells are fired at a soccer game in Dobrinja, west of Sarajevo.

1990 - Cold War: George H. W. Bush and Mikhail Gorbachev sign a treaty to end chemical weapon production.

1988 - The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty comes into effect.

1980 - Cable News Network (CNN) begins broadcasting.

1979 - The first black-led government of Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) in 90 years takes power.

1978 - The first international applications under the Patent Cooperation Treaty are filed.

1976 - Aeroflot Flight 418 crashes in Bioko, Equatorial Guinea, killing 46.

1975 - The Patriotic Union of Kurdistan was founded by Jalal Talabani, Nawshirwan Mustafa, Fuad Masum and others.

1974 - The Heimlich maneuver for rescuing choking victims is published in the journal Emergency Medicine.

1962 - Adolf Eichmann, former SS officer in Nazi Germany, is hanged in Israel for having committed crimes against humanity, war crimes, and other offenses.

1961 - The Canadian Bank of Commerce and Imperial Bank of Canada merge to
form the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce, the largest bank merger in Canadian history.

1958 - Charles de Gaulle comes out of retirement to lead France by decree for six months.

1951 - Washington State Ferries, the largest ferry system in the United States, begins operation under state ownership after a buyout of the Puget Sound Navigation Company.

1950 - The Chinchaga fire ignites. By September, it would become the largest single fire on record in North America.

1950 - The Declaration of Conscience speech, by U.S. Senator from Maine, Margaret Chase Smith, is delivered in response to Joseph R. McCarthy's speech at Wheeling, West Virginia.

1946 - Ion Antonescu, "Conducator" ("Leader") of Romania during World War II, is executed.

1943 - BOAC Flight 777 is shot down over the Bay of Biscay by German Junkers Ju 88s, killing British actor Leslie Howard and leading to speculation that
it was actually an attempt to kill British Prime Minister Winston Churchill.

1941 - The Farhud, a massive pogrom in Iraq, starts and as a result, many Iraqi Jews are forced to leave their homes.

1941 - World War II: The Battle of Crete ends as Crete capitulates to Germany.

1939 - First flight of the German Focke-Wulf Fw 190 fighter aircraft.

1929 - The 1st Conference of the Communist Parties of Latin America is held
in Buenos Aires.

1922 - The Royal Ulster Constabulary is founded.

1919 - Prohibition comes into force in Finland.

1918 - World War I: Western Front: Battle of Belleau Wood: Allied Forces
under John J. Pershing and James Harbord engage Imperial German Forces under Wilhelm, German Crown Prince.

1916 - The United States Senate confirms the appointment of Louis Brandeis to the United States Supreme Court, making him the first Jew to be an Associate Justice.

1913 - The Greek-Serbian Treaty of Alliance is signed, paving the way for the Second Balkan War.

1890 - The United States Census Bureau begins using Herman Hollerith's tabulating machine to count census returns.

1879 - Napoleon Eugene, the last dynastic Bonaparte, is killed in the Anglo-Zulu War.

1868 - The Treaty of Bosque Redondo is signed, allowing the Navajo to return to their lands in Arizona and New Mexico.

1862 - American Civil War: Peninsula Campaign: The Battle of Seven Pines (or the Battle of Fair Oaks) ends inconclusively, with both sides claiming victory.

1861 - American Civil War: The Battle of Fairfax Court House is fought.

1857 - The Revolution of the Ganhadores begins in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.

1857 - Charles Baudelaire's Les Fleurs du mal is published.

1855 - The American adventurer William Walker conquers Nicaragua.

1854 - Aland War: The British navy destroys merchant ships and about 16,000 tar barrels of the wholesale stocks area in Oulu, Grand Duchy of Finland.

1849 - Territorial Governor Alexander Ramsey declared the Territory of Minnesota officially established.

1831 - James Clark Ross becomes the first European at the North Magnetic Pole.

1815 - Napoleon promulgates a revised Constitution after it passes a plebiscite.

1813 - Capture of USS Chesapeake.

1812 - War of 1812: U.S. President James Madison asks the Congress to declare war on the United Kingdom.

1796 - Tennessee is admitted as the 16th state of the United States.

1794 - The battle of the Glorious First of June is fought, the first naval engagement between Britain and France during the French Revolutionary Wars.

1792 - Kentucky is admitted as the 15th state of the United States.

1779 - The court-martial for malfeasance of Benedict Arnold, a general in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, begins.

1773 - Wolraad Woltemade rescues 14 sailors at the Cape of Good Hope from the sinking ship De Jonge Thomas by riding his horse into the sea seven times. Both he and his horse, Vonk, are drowned on his eighth attempt.

1679 - The Scottish Covenanters defeat John Graham of Claverhouse at the Battle of Drumclog.

1676 - Battle of Oland: allied Danish-Dutch forces defeat the Swedish navy
in the Baltic Sea, during the Scanian War (1675-79).

1670 - In Dover, England, Charles II of England and Louis XIV of France sign the Secret Treaty of Dover, which will force England into the Third Anglo-Dutch War.

1649 - Start of the Sumuroy Revolt: Filipinos in Northern Samar led by
Agustin Sumuroy revolt against Spanish colonial authorities.

1648 - The Roundheads defeat the Cavaliers at the Battle of Maidstone in the Second English Civil War.

1535 - Combined forces loyal to Charles V attack and expel the Ottomans from Tunis during the Conquest of Tunis.

1533 - Anne Boleyn is crowned Queen of England.

1495 - A monk, John Cor, records the first known batch of Scotch whisky.

1412 - Treaty of Lubowla: The royal gathering continues in Buda. It is one of the largest and most magnificent royal meetings ever held in medieval Buda with Sigismund of Hungary as host and Wladyslaw II Jagiello as guest of
honor. A large feast and grand tournament is held with over 40.000 nobles and 2000 knights.

1298 - Residents of Riga and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeat the Livonian Order in the Battle of Turaida.

1252 - Alfonso X is proclaimed king of Castile and Leon.

--- Temp: 16°C | Humidity: 56% | Wind: 5 km/h (gust 9) | Pressure: 1017.27 mb
* Origin: Northern Realms (618:400/23)

This Day in History
-------------------

2023 - A collision between two passenger trains and a parked freight train near the city of Balasor, Odisha in eastern India, results in 296 deaths and more than 1,200 people injured.

2022 - Following a request from Ankara, the United Nations officially changed the name of the Republic of Turkey in the organization from what was previously known as "Turkey" to "Turkiye".

2014 - Telangana officially becomes the 29th state of India, formed from ten districts of northwestern Andhra Pradesh.

2012 - Former Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak is sentenced to life imprisonment for his role in the killing of demonstrators during the 2011 Egyptian revolution.

2003 - Europe launches its first voyage to another planet, Mars. The European Space Agency's Mars Express probe launches from the Baikonur space center in Kazakhstan.

1998 - Space Shuttle Discovery is launched on STS-91, the final mission of
the Shuttle-Mir program.

1997 - In Denver, Timothy McVeigh is convicted on 15 counts of murder and conspiracy for his role in the 1995 bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, in which 168 people died. He was executed four years later.

1990 - The Lower Ohio Valley tornado outbreak spawns 66 confirmed tornadoes
in Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, and Ohio, killing 12.

1983 - After an emergency landing because of an in-flight fire, twenty-three passengers aboard Air Canada Flight 797 are killed when a flashover occurs as the plane's doors open. Because of this incident, numerous new safety regulations are put in place.

1979 - Pope John Paul II starts his first official visit to his native
Poland, becoming the first Pope to visit a Communist country.

1967 - Protests in West Berlin against the arrival of the Shah of Iran are brutally suppressed, during which Benno Ohnesorg is killed by a police officer. His death results in the founding of the terrorist group Movement 2 June.

1967 - Luis Monge is executed in Colorado's gas chamber, in the last pre-Furman execution in the United States.

1966 - Surveyor program: Surveyor 1 lands in Oceanus Procellarum on the Moon, becoming the first U.S. spacecraft to soft-land on another world.

1964 - The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) is formed.

1962 - During the FIFA World Cup, police had to intervene multiple times in fights between Chilean and Italian players in one of the most violent games
in football history.

1958 - Aeronaves de Mexico Flight 111 crashes on approach to Guadalajara International Airport, killing 45.

1955 - The USSR and Yugoslavia sign the Belgrade declaration and thus normalize relations between the two countries, discontinued since 1948.

1953 - The coronation of Queen Elizabeth II at Westminster Abbey becomes the first British coronation and one of the first major international events to
be televised.

1946 - Birth of the Italian Republic: In a referendum, Italians vote to turn Italy from a monarchy into a Republic. After the referendum, King Umberto II of Italy is exiled.

1941 - World War II: German paratroopers murder Greek civilians in the villages of Kondomari and Alikianos.

1924 - U.S. President Calvin Coolidge signs the Indian Citizenship Act into law, granting citizenship to all Native Americans born within the territorial limits of the United States.

1919 - Anarchists simultaneously set off bombs in eight separate U.S. cities.

1910 - Charles Rolls, a co-founder of Rolls-Royce Limited, becomes the first man to make a non-stop double crossing of the English Channel by plane.

1909 - Alfred Deakin becomes Prime Minister of Australia for the third time.

1896 - Guglielmo Marconi applies for a patent for his wireless telegraph.

1878 - Nobiling assassination attempt by anarchist Karl Nobiling targeting
the German Kaiser, Wilhelm I.

1866 - The Fenians defeat Canadian forces at Ridgeway and Fort Erie, but the raids end soon after.

1848 - The Slavic Congress opens in Prague.

1805 - Napoleonic Wars: A Franco-Spanish fleet recaptures from the British
the island of Diamond Rock, which guards the entrance to the bay leading to Fort-de-France, Martinique.

1793 - French Revolution: Francois Hanriot, leader of the Parisian National Guard, arrests 22 Girondists selected by Jean-Paul Marat, setting the stage for the Reign of Terror.

1780 - The anti-Catholic Gordon Riots in London leave an estimated 300 to 700 people dead.

1774 - Intolerable Acts: The Quartering Act of 1774 is enacted, allowing a governor in colonial America to house British soldiers in uninhabited houses, outhouses, barns, or other buildings if suitable quarters are not provided.

1763 - Pontiac's Rebellion: At what is now Mackinaw City, Michigan, Chippewas capture Fort Michilimackinac by diverting the garrison's attention with a
game of lacrosse, then chasing a ball into the fort.

1692 - Bridget Bishop is the first person to be tried for witchcraft in
Salem, Massachusetts; she was found guilty the same day and hanged on June 10.

1676 - Franco-Dutch War: France ensured the supremacy of its naval fleet for the remainder of the war with its victory in the Battle of Palermo.

1615 - The first Recollet missionaries arrive at Quebec City, from Rouen, France.

1608 - The Colony of Virginia gets a charter, extending borders from "sea to sea".

1098 - First Crusade: The first Siege of Antioch ends as Crusader forces take the city; the second siege began five days later.

455 - Sack of Rome: Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks.

260 - Sima Zhao's regicide of Cao Mao: The figurehead Wei emperor Cao Mao personally leads an attempt to oust his regent, Sima Zhao; the attempted coup is crushed and the emperor killed.

--- Temp: 22°C | Humidity: 49% | Wind: 0 km/h (gust 0) | Pressure: 1025.40 mb
* Origin: Northern Realms (618:400/23)

This Day in History
-------------------

2025 - Reconstitution of the Academy of the Distrustful in the Sala Dalmases of the Historical Archive of the City of Barcelona in Barcelona.

2019 - Khartoum massacre: In Sudan, over 100 people are killed when security forces accompanied by Janjaweed militiamen storm and open fire on a sit-in protest.

2013 - At least 119 people are killed in a fire at a poultry farm in Jilin Province in northeastern China.

2013 - The trial of United States Army private Chelsea Manning for leaking classified material to WikiLeaks begins in Fort Meade, Maryland.

2012 - The pageant for the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II takes place on the River Thames.

2012 - A plane carrying 153 people crashes in a residential neighborhood in Lagos, Nigeria, killing everyone on board plus six people on the ground.

2006 - The union of Serbia and Montenegro comes to an end with Montenegro's formal declaration of independence.

1998 - After suffering a mechanical failure, a high speed train derails at Eschede, Germany, killing 101 people.

1992 - Australian Aboriginal land rights are recognised in Mabo v Queensland (No 2), a case brought by Torres Strait Islander Eddie Mabo which led to the Native Title Act 1993 overturning the long-held colonial assumption of terra nullius.

1991 - Mount Unzen erupts in Kyushu, Japan, killing 43 people, all of them either researchers or journalists.

1989 - The government of China sends troops to force protesters out of Tiananmen Square after seven weeks of occupation.

1984 - Operation Blue Star, a military offensive, is launched by the Indian government at Harmandir Sahib, also known as the Golden Temple, the holiest shrine for Sikhs, in Amritsar. The operation continues until June 6, with casualties, most of them civilians, in excess of 5,000.

1982 - The Israeli ambassador to the United Kingdom, Shlomo Argov, is shot on a London street; he survives but is left paralysed.

1980 - The 1980 Grand Island tornado outbreak hits Nebraska, United States, causing five deaths and $300 million (equivalent to $1172 million in 2025) worth of damage.

1979 - A blowout at the Ixtoc I oil well in the southern Gulf of Mexico
causes at least 3,000,000 barrels (480,000 m3) of oil to be spilled into the waters, the second-worst accidental oil spill ever recorded.

1973 - A Soviet supersonic Tupolev Tu-144 crashes near Goussainville, France, killing 14, the first crash of a supersonic passenger aircraft.

1969 - Melbourne-Evans collision: off the coast of South Vietnam, the Australian aircraft carrier HMAS Melbourne cuts the U.S. Navy destroyer
USS Frank E. Evans in half; resulting in 74 deaths.

1965 - The launch of Gemini 4, the first multi-day space mission by a NASA crew. Ed White, a crew member, performs the first American spacewalk.

1963 - Soldiers of the South Vietnamese Army attack protesting Buddhists in Hue with liquid chemicals from tear-gas grenades, causing 67 people to be hospitalized for blistering of the skin and respiratory ailments.

1962 - At Paris Orly Airport, Air France Flight 007 overruns the runway and explodes when the crew attempts to abort takeoff, killing 130.

1950 - Herzog and Lachenal of the French Annapurna expedition become the
first climbers to reach the summit of an 8,000-metre peak.

1943 - In Los Angeles, California, white U.S. Navy sailors and Marines attack Latino youths in the five-day Zoot Suit Riots.

1942 - World War II: Japan begins the Aleutian Islands Campaign by bombing Unalaska Island.

1941 - World War II: The Wehrmacht razes the Greek village of Kandanos to the ground and murders 180 of its inhabitants.

1940 - Franz Rademacher proposes plans to make Madagascar the "Jewish homeland", an idea that had first been considered by 19th century journalist Theodor Herzl.

1940 - World War II: During the Battle of France, the Luftwaffe bombs Paris.

1937 - The Duke of Windsor marries Wallis Simpson.

1935 - One thousand unemployed Canadian workers board freight cars in Vancouver, beginning a protest trek to Ottawa.

1916 - The National Defense Act is signed into law, increasing the size of
the United States National Guard by 450,000 men.

1892 - Liverpool F.C. is founded by John Houlding.

1889 - The first long-distance electric power transmission line in the United States is completed, running 14 miles (23 km) between a generator at Willamette Falls and downtown Portland, Oregon.

1885 - In the last military engagement fought on Canadian soil, the Cree leader, Big Bear, escapes the North-West Mounted Police.

1864 - American Civil War: Union forces under Ulysses S. Grant sustain heavy casualties attacking Confederate troops under Robert E. Lee at the Battle of Cold Harbor in Hanover County, Virginia.

1863 - American Civil War: Robert E. Lee and his Army of Northern Virginia begin marching to invade the North for a second time, starting the Gettysburg campaign.

1861 - American Civil War: Battle of Philippi (also called the Philippi Races): Union forces rout Confederate troops in Barbour County, Virginia, now West Virginia.

1844 - The last pair of great auks is killed.

1839 - In Humen, China, Lin Zexu destroys 1.2 million kilograms of opium confiscated from British merchants, providing Britain with a casus belli to open hostilities, resulting in the First Opium War.

1781 - Jack Jouett begins his midnight ride to warn Thomas Jefferson and the Virginia legislature of an impending British raid.

1700 - Foundation of the Academy of the Distrustful in the library room of
the Palau Dalmases in Barcelona.

1665 - James Stuart, Duke of York (later to become King James II of England), defeats the Dutch fleet off the coast of Lowestoft.

1658 - Pope Alexander VII appoints Francois de Laval vicar apostolic in New France.

1621 - The Dutch West India Company receives a charter for New Netherland.

1608 - Samuel de Champlain lands at Tadoussac, Quebec, in the course of his third voyage to New France, and begins erecting fortifications.

1602 - An English naval force defeats a fleet of Spanish galleys, and
captures a large Portuguese carrack at the Battle of Sesimbra Bay.

1539 - Hernando de Soto claims Florida for Spain.

1326 - The Treaty of Novgorod delineates borders between Russia and Norway in Finnmark.

1140 - The French scholar Peter Abelard is found guilty of heresy.

1098 - After a five-month siege during the First Crusade, the Crusaders seize Antioch.

713 - The Byzantine emperor Philippicus is blinded, deposed and sent into exile by conspirators of the Opsikion army in Thrace. He is succeeded by Anastasios II, who begins the reorganization of the Byzantine army.

350 - The Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman emperor, entering Rome at the head of a group of gladiators.

--- Temp: 22°C | Humidity: 49% | Wind: 0 km/h (gust 0) | Pressure: 1027.09 mb
* Origin: Northern Realms (618:400/23)

This Day in History
-------------------

2025 - Eleven people are killed and 56 people are injured during a crowd
crush incident outside M.Chinnaswamy Stadium in Bengaluru, India for the celebration of Royal Challengers Bengaluru's Indian Premier League victory.

2023 - Four people are killed when a Cessna Citation V crashes into Mine Bank Mountain in Augusta County, Virginia.

2023 - Protests begin in Poland against the Duda government.

2010 - Falcon 9 Flight 1 is the maiden flight of the SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket, which launches from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 40.

2005 - The Civic Forum of the Romanians of Covasna, Harghita and Mures is founded.

1998 - Terry Nichols is sentenced to life in prison for his role in the Oklahoma City bombing.

1996 - The first flight of Ariane 5 explodes after roughly 37 seconds. It was a Cluster mission.

1989 - Ufa train disaster: A natural gas explosion near Ufa, Russia, kills
575 as two trains passing each other throw sparks near a leaky pipeline.

1989 - Solidarity's victory in the 1989 Polish legislative election occurs, the first election since the Communist Polish United Workers' Party abandoned its monopoly of power. It sparks off the Revolutions of 1989 in Eastern Europe.

1989 - The 1989 Tiananmen Square protests are suppressed in Beijing by the People's Liberation Army, with between 241 and 10,000 dead (an unofficial estimate).

1989 - In the 1989 Iranian supreme leader election, Ali Khamenei is elected
as the new Supreme Leader of Iran after the death and funeral of Ruhollah Khomeini.

1988 - Three cars on a train carrying hexogen to Kazakhstan explode in Arzamas, Gorky Oblast, USSR, killing 91 and injuring about 1,500.

1986 - Jonathan Pollard pleads guilty to espionage for selling top secret United States military intelligence to Israel.

1983 - Gordon Kahl, who killed two US Marshals in Medina, North Dakota on February 13, is killed in a shootout in Smithville, Arkansas, along with a local sheriff, after a four-month manhunt.

1979 - Flight Lieutenant Jerry Rawlings takes power in Ghana after a military coup in which General Fred Akuffo is overthrown.

1977 - JVC introduces its VHS videotape at the Consumer Electronics Show in Chicago. It will eventually prevail against Sony's rival Betamax system in a format war to become the predominant home video medium.

1975 - Governor of California Jerry Brown signs the California Agricultural Labor Relations Act into law, the first law in the United States giving farmworkers collective bargaining rights.

1970 - Tonga gains independence from the British Empire.

1967 - Seventy-two people are killed when a Canadair C-4 Argonaut crashes at Stockport in England.

1961 - Cold War: In the Vienna summit, the Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev sparks the Berlin Crisis by threatening to sign a separate peace treaty with East Germany and ending American, British and French access to East Berlin.

1944 - World War II: The United States Fifth Army captures Rome, although
much of the German Fourteenth Army is able to withdraw to the north.

1944 - World War II: A hunter-killer group of the United States Navy captures the German Kriegsmarine submarine U-505: The first time a U.S. Navy vessel
had captured an enemy vessel at sea since the 19th century.

1943 - A military coup in Argentina ousts Ramon Castillo.

1942 - World War II: Gustaf Mannerheim, the Commander-in-Chief of the Finnish Army, is granted the title of Marshal of Finland by the government on his
75th birthday. On the same day, Adolf Hitler arrives in Finland for a
surprise visit to meet Mannerheim.

1942 - World War II: The Battle of Midway begins. Japanese Admiral Chuichi Nagumo orders a strike on Midway Island by much of the Imperial Japanese Navy.

1940 - World War II: The Dunkirk evacuation ends: the British Armed Forces completes evacuation of 338,000 troops from Dunkirk in France. To rally the morale of the country, Winston Churchill delivers, only to the House of Commons, his famous "We shall fight on the beaches" speech.

1939 - The Holocaust: The MS St. Louis, a ship carrying 973 German Jewish refugees, is denied permission to land in Florida, in the United States,
after already being turned away from Cuba. Forced to return to Europe, more than 200 of its passengers later die in Nazi concentration camps.

1932 - Marmaduke Grove and other Chilean military officers lead a coup
d'etat establishing the short-lived Socialist Republic of Chile.

1928 - The President of the Republic of China, Zhang Zuolin, is assassinated by Japanese agents.

1920 - Hungary loses 71% of its territory and 63% of its population when the Treaty of Trianon is signed in Paris.

1919 - Leon Trotsky bans the Planned Fourth Regional Congress of Peasants, Workers and Insurgents.

1919 - Women's rights: The U.S. Congress approves the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which guarantees suffrage to women, and sends it to the U.S. states for ratification.

1917 - The first Pulitzer Prizes are awarded: Laura E. Richards, Maude H. Elliott, and Florence Hall receive the first Pulitzer for biography (for
Julia Ward Howe). Jean Jules Jusserand receives the first Pulitzer for
history for his work With Americans of Past and Present Days. Herbert B.
Swope receives the first Pulitzer for journalism for his work for the New
York World.

1916 - World War I: Russia opens the Brusilov Offensive with an artillery barrage of Austro-Hungarian lines in Galicia.

1913 - Emily Davison, a suffragette, runs out in front of King George V's horse at The Derby. She is trampled, never regains consciousness, and dies four days later.

1912 - Massachusetts becomes the first state of the United States to set a minimum wage.

1896 - Henry Ford completes the Ford Quadricycle, his first gasoline-powered automobile and also gives it a successful test run.

1878 - Cyprus Convention: The Ottoman Empire cedes Cyprus to the United Kingdom but retains nominal title.

1876 - An express train called the Transcontinental Express arrives in San Francisco via the first transcontinental railroad, 83 hours and 39 minutes after leaving New York City.

1862 - American Civil War: Confederate troops evacuate Fort Pillow on the Mississippi River, leaving the way clear for Union troops to take Memphis, Tennessee.

1859 - Italian Independence wars: In the Battle of Magenta, the French army, under Louis-Napoleon, defeat the Austrian army.

1855 - Major Henry C. Wayne departs New York aboard the USS Supply to
procure camels to establish the U.S. Camel Corps.

1825 - General Lafayette, a French officer in the American Revolutionary War, speaks at what would become Lafayette Square in Buffalo, New York, during his visit to the United States.

1812 - Following Louisiana's admittance as a U.S. state, the Louisiana Territory is renamed the Missouri Territory.

1802 - King Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia abdicates his throne in favor of his brother, Victor Emmanuel.

1796 - The siege of Mantua begins when Napoleon Bonaparte lays siege to the fortress of Mantua the last Austrian stronghold in Northern Italy. It will become the main focus of Napoleon's army for eight months during the Italian campaign of 1796-1797.

1792 - Captain George Vancouver claims Puget Sound for the Kingdom of Great Britain.

1784 - Elisabeth Thible becomes the first woman to fly in an untethered hot air balloon. Her flight covers four kilometres (2.5 mi) in 45 minutes, and reached an estimated 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) in altitude.

1783 - The Montgolfier brothers publicly demonstrate their montgolfiere (hot air balloon).

1760 - Great Upheaval: New England planters arrive to claim land in Nova Scotia, Canada, taken from the Acadians.

1745 - Battle of Hohenfriedberg: Frederick the Great's Prussian army decisively defeat an Austrian army under Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine during the War of the Austrian Succession.

1615 - Siege of Osaka: Forces under Tokugawa Ieyasu take Osaka Castle in Japan.

1561 - The steeple of St Paul's, the medieval cathedral of London, is destroyed in a fire caused by lightning, and is never rebuilt.

1525 - 1525 Bayham Abbey riot; Villagers from Kent and Sussex, England riot and occupy Bayham Old Abbey for a week in protest against Cardinal Thomas Wolsey's order to suppress the monastery in order to fund two colleges
founded by him.

1411 - King Charles VI grants a monopoly for the ripening of Roquefort cheese to the people of Roquefort-sur-Soulzon, as they had been doing for centuries.

--- Temp: 21°C | Humidity: 54% | Wind: 0 km/h (gust 0) | Pressure: 1023.03 mb
* Origin: Northern Realms (618:400/23)

This Day in History
-------------------

2025 - The Nintendo Switch 2 video game console is released worldwide.

2024 - The Boeing Starliner is launched on its first crewed flight, carrying astronauts Barry Wilmore and Sunita Williams to the International Space Station.

2022 - A constitutional referendum is held in Kazakhstan following violent protests and civil unrest against the government.

2017 - Six Arab countries--Bahrain, Egypt, Libya, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and
the United Arab Emirates--cut diplomatic ties with Qatar, accusing it of destabilising the region.

2017 - Montenegro becomes the 29th member of NATO.

2016 - Two shootings in Aktobe, Kazakhstan, kill six people.

2015 - An earthquake with a moment magnitude of 6.0 strikes Ranau, Sabah, Malaysia, killing 18 people, including hikers and mountain guides on Mount Kinabalu, after mass landslides that occurred during the earthquake. This is the strongest earthquake to strike Malaysia since 1975.

2012 - Last transit of Venus until the year 2117.

2009 - A fire at a day-care center kills 49 people in Hermosillo, Mexico.

2009 - After 65 straight days of civil disobedience, at least 31 people are killed in clashes between security forces and indigenous people near Bagua, Peru.

2006 - Serbia declares independence from the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro.

2004 - Noel Mamere, Mayor of Begles, celebrates marriage for two men for
the first time in France.

2003 - A severe heat wave across Pakistan and India reaches its peak, as temperatures exceed 50 ?C (122 ?F) in the region.

2002 - Space Shuttle Endeavour launches on STS-111, carrying the Expedition 5 crew to the International Space Station to replace the Expedition 4 crew. Astronaut Franklin Chang-Diaz becomes the second person to have flown on
seven spaceflights.

2001 - Tropical Storm Allison makes landfall on the upper-Texas coastline as
a strong tropical storm and dumps large amounts of rain over Houston. The storm causes $5.5 billion in damages, making Allison the second costliest tropical storm in U.S. history.

2000 - The Six-Day War in Kisangani begins in Kisangani, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, between Ugandan and Rwandan forces. A large part of
the city is destroyed.

1998 - A strike begins at the General Motors parts factory in Flint,
Michigan, that quickly spreads to five other assembly plants. The strike
lasts seven weeks.

1997 - The Second Republic of the Congo Civil War begins.

1995 - The Bose-Einstein condensate is first created.

1993 - Portions of the Holbeck Hall Hotel in Scarborough, North Yorkshire,
UK, fall into the sea following a landslide.

1991 - Space Shuttle Columbia is launched on STS-40, the fifth spacelab mission.

1989 - The Tank Man halts the progress of a column of advancing tanks for
over half an hour after the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989.

1984 - Operation Blue Star: Under orders from India's prime minister, Indira Gandhi, the Indian Army begins an invasion of the Golden Temple, the holiest site of the Sikh religion.

1983 - More than 100 people are killed when the Russian river cruise ship Aleksandr Suvorov collides with a girder of the Ulyanovsk Railway Bridge. The collision caused a freight train to derail, further damaging the vessel, yet the ship remained afloat and was eventually restored and returned to service.

1981 - The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports that five people in Los Angeles, California, have a rare form of pneumonia seen only in patients with weakened immune systems, in what turns out to be the first recognized cases of AIDS.

1976 - The Teton Dam in Idaho, United States, collapses. Eleven people are killed as a result of flooding.

1975 - The United Kingdom holds its first country-wide referendum on membership of the European Economic Community (EEC).

1975 - The Suez Canal opens for the first time since the Six-Day War.

1968 - Presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy is assassinated by Sirhan Sirhan.

1967 - The Six-Day War begins: Israel launches surprise strikes against Egyptian air-fields in response to the mobilisation of Egyptian forces on the Israeli border.

1964 - DSV Alvin is commissioned.

1963 - Movement of 15 Khordad: Protests against the arrest of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini by the Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. In several cities, masses of angry demonstrators are confronted by tanks and paratroopers.

1963 - The British Secretary of State for War, John Profumo, resigns in a sex scandal known as the "Profumo affair".

1960 - The Lake Bodom murders occur in Finland.

1959 - The first government of Singapore is sworn in.

1956 - Elvis Presley introduces his new single, "Hound Dog", on The Milton Berle Show, scandalizing the audience with his suggestive hip movements.

1949 - Thailand elects Orapin Chaiyakan, the first female member of
Thailand's Parliament.

1947 - Cold War: Marshall Plan: In a speech at Harvard University, the United States Secretary of State George Marshall calls for economic aid to war-torn Europe.

1946 - A fire in the La Salle Hotel in Chicago, Illinois, kills 61 people.

1945 - The Allied Control Council, the military occupation governing body of Germany, formally takes power.

1944 - World War II: More than 1,000 British bombers drop 5,000 tons of bombs on German gun batteries on the Normandy coast in preparation for D-Day.

1942 - World War II: The United States declares war on Bulgaria, Hungary, and Romania.

1941 - World War II: Four thousand Chongqing residents are asphyxiated in a bomb shelter during the Bombing of Chongqing.

1940 - World War II: After a brief lull in the Battle of France, the Germans renew the offensive against the remaining French divisions south of the River Somme in Operation Fall Rot ("Case Red").

1917 - World War I: Conscription begins in the United States as "Army registration day".

1916 - World War I: The Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire breaks out.

1916 - Louis Brandeis is sworn in as a Justice of the United States Supreme Court; he is the first American Jew to hold such a position.

1915 - Denmark amends its constitution to allow women's suffrage.

1900 - Second Boer War: British soldiers take Pretoria.

1893 - The trial of Lizzie Borden for the murder of her father and
step-mother begins in New Bedford, Massachusetts.

1888 - The Rio de la Plata earthquake takes place.

1883 - The first regularly scheduled Orient Express departs Paris.

1879 - The Zungeni Mountain skirmish took place between British and Zulu forces during the second invasion of the Zulu Kingdom.

1873 - Sultan Barghash bin Said of Zanzibar closes the great slave market under the terms of a treaty with Great Britain.

1864 - American Civil War: Battle of Piedmont: Union forces under General David Hunter defeat a Confederate army at Piedmont, Virginia, taking nearly 1,000 prisoners.

1862 - As the Treaty of Saigon is signed, ceding parts of southern Vietnam to France, the guerrilla leader Truong Dinh decides to defy Emperor Tu
Duc of Vietnam and fight on against the Europeans.

1851 - Harriet Beecher Stowe's anti-slavery serial, Uncle Tom's Cabin, or
Life Among the Lowly, starts a ten-month run in the National Era abolitionist newspaper.

1849 - Denmark becomes a constitutional monarchy by the signing of a new constitution.

1837 - Houston is incorporated by the Republic of Texas.

1832 - The June Rebellion breaks out in Paris in an attempt to overthrow the monarchy of Louis Philippe.

1829 - HMS Pickle captures the armed slave ship Voladora off the coast of Cuba.

1817 - The first Great Lakes steamer, the Frontenac, is launched.

1798 - Battle of New Ross: The attempt to spread the United Irish Rebellion into Munster is defeated.

1794 - Haitian Revolution: Battle of Port-Republicain: British troops
capture the capital of Saint-Domingue.

1644 - The Qing dynasty's Manchu forces led by the Shunzhi Emperor take Beijing during the collapse of the Ming dynasty.

1610 - The masque Tethys' Festival is performed at Whitehall Palace to celebrate the investiture of Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales.

1288 - The Battle of Worringen ends the War of the Limburg Succession, with John I, Duke of Brabant, being one of the more important victors.

1284 - Battle of the Gulf of Naples: Roger of Lauria, admiral to King Peter III of Aragon, destroys the Neapolitan fleet and captures Charles of Salerno.

1257 - Krakow, in Poland, receives city rights.

1086 - Tutush, brother of Seljuk sultan Malik Shah, defeats Suleiman ibn Qutalmish, the Turkish ruler of Anatolia in the battle of Ain Salm.

830 - Theodora is crowned Byzantine empress and marries then emperor Theophilos in the Hagia Sophia. She is credited with restoring Christian orthodoxy and icons.

--- Temp: 21°C | Humidity: 64% | Wind: 1 km/h (gust 1) | Pressure: 1016.26 mb
* Origin: Northern Realms (618:400/23)

This Day in History
-------------------

2024 - The launch of SpaceX Starship integrated flight test 4 (IFT-4)

2023 - Russo-Ukrainian War: The Kakhovka Dam is destroyed.

2017 - Syrian civil war: The Battle of Raqqa begins with an offensive by the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) to capture the city from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL).

2002 - Eastern Mediterranean event. A near-Earth asteroid estimated at ten meters in diameter explodes over the Mediterranean Sea between Greece and Libya. The explosion is estimated to have a force of 26 kilotons, slightly more powerful than the Nagasaki atomic bomb.

1994 - China Northwest Airlines Flight 2303 crashes near Xi'an Xianyang International Airport, killing all 160 people on board.

1993 - Punsalmaagiin Ochirbat wins the first presidential election in Mongolia.

1992 - Copa Airlines Flight 201 breaks apart in mid-air and crashes into the Darien Gap in Panama, killing all 47 aboard.

1985 - The grave of "Wolfgang Gerhard" is opened in Embu, Brazil; the exhumed remains are later proven to be those of Josef Mengele, Auschwitz's "Angel of Death"; Mengele is thought to have drowned while swimming in February 1979.

1982 - 1982 Lebanon War: The war begins as forces under Israeli Defense Minister Ariel Sharon invade southern Lebanon during Operation Peace for the Galilee, eventually reaching as far north as the capital Beirut.

1976 - Chief Minister of Sabah Faud Stephens, Peter Joinud Mojuntin, and several other politicians are killed in a plane crash near Kota Kinabalu International Airport in Malaysia.

1975 - British referendum results in continued membership of the European Economic Community, with 67% of votes in favour.

1971 - Hughes Airwest Flight 706 collides with a McDonnell Douglas F-4
Phantom II of the United States Marine Corps over the San Gabriel Mountains, killing 50.

1971 - Soyuz 11 is launched. The mission ends in disaster when all three cosmonauts, Georgy Dobrovolsky, Vladislav Volkov, and Viktor Patsayev are suffocated by uncontrolled decompression of the capsule during re-entry on 29 June.

1966 - March Against Fear: African-American civil rights activist James Meredith is wounded in an ambush by white sniper James Aubrey Norvell. Meredith and Norvell are photographed by Jack R. Thornell, whose photo will receive the 1967 Pulitzer Prize in Photography, the last one to be awarded in the category.

1944 - World War II: Capture of the Caen canal and Orne river bridges by Allied paratroopers, also known as Operation Coup de Main (incorrectly referred to as Operation Deadstick.)

1944 - World War II: Commencement of Operation Overlord: The Allied invasion of Normandy begins with the execution of Operation Neptune--commonly
referred to as D-Day--the largest seaborne invasion in history. Nearly
160,000 Allied troops cross the English Channel with about 5,000 landing and assault craft, 289 escort vessels, and 277 minesweepers participating. By the end of the day, the Allies have landed on five invasion beaches and are pushing inland.

1942 - World War II: The United States Navy's victory over the Imperial Japanese Navy at the Battle of Midway is a major turning point in the Pacific Theater. All four Japanese fleet carriers taking part--Akagi, Kaga, Soryu
and Hiryu--are sunk, as is the heavy cruiser Mikuma. The American carrier Yorktown and the destroyer Hammann are also sunk.

1934 - New Deal: U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 into law, establishing the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.

1933 - The first drive-in theater opens in Camden, New Jersey.

1925 - The original Chrysler Corporation was founded by Walter Chrysler from the remains of the Maxwell Motor Company.

1918 - World War I: U.S. Marine Corps suffers its worst single day's casualties during the Battle of Belleau Wood while attempting to recapture
the wood at Chateau-Thierry (the losses are exceeded at the Battle of Tarawa in November 1943).

1912 - The eruption of Novarupta in Alaska begins. It is the largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century.

1894 - Governor Davis H. Waite orders the Colorado state militia to protect and support the miners engaged in the Cripple Creek miners' strike.

1892 - The Chicago "L" elevated rail system begins operation.

1889 - The Great Seattle Fire destroys all of downtown Seattle.

1882 - The Shewan forces of Menelik II of Ethiopia defeat the Gojjame army in the Battle of Embabo. The Shewans capture Negus Tekle Haymanot of Gojjam, and their victory leads to a Shewan hegemony over the territories south of the Abay River.

1862 - American Civil War: The First Battle of Memphis, a naval engagement fought on the Mississippi River, results in the capture of Memphis, Tennessee by Union forces from the Confederates.

1859 - Queensland is established as a separate colony from New South Wales. The date is still celebrated as Queensland Day.

1844 - The Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) is founded in London.

1832 - The June Rebellion in Paris is put down by the National Guard.

1822 - Alexis St Martin is accidentally shot in the stomach, leading to William Beaumont's studies on digestion.

1813 - War of 1812: In the Battle of Stoney Creek, considered a critical turning point in the war, a British force of 700 under John Vincent defeats
an American force twice its size under William Winder and John Chandler.

1762 - Seven Years' War: British forces begin the Siege of Havana and temporarily capture the city.

1674 - Shivaji is crowned as the first Chhatrapati of the Maratha Empire at Raigad Fort.

1654 - Swedish Queen Christina abdicated her throne in favour of her cousin Charles Gustav and converted to Catholicism.

1523 - Swedish regent Gustav Vasa is elected King of Sweden and, marking a symbolic end to the Kalmar Union, 6 June is designated the country's national day.

1513 - War of the League of Cambrai: In the Battle of Novara, Swiss troops defeat the French under Louis II de la Tremoille, forcing them to abandon Milan; Duke Massimiliano Sforza is restored.

1505 - The M8.2-8.8 Lo Mustang earthquake affects Tibet and Nepal, causing severe damage in Kathmandu and parts of the Indo-Gangetic plain.

913 - Constantine VII, the eight-year-old illegitimate son of Leo VI the
Wise, becomes nominal ruler of the Byzantine Empire under the regency of a seven-man council headed by Patriarch Nicholas Mystikos, appointed by Constantine's uncle Alexander on his deathbed.

--- Temp: 21°C | Humidity: 82% | Wind: 5 km/h (gust 6) | Pressure: 1007.11 mb
* Origin: Northern Realms (618:400/23)

This Day in History
-------------------

2017 - A Myanmar Air Force Shaanxi Y-8 crashes into the Andaman Sea near Dawei, Myanmar, killing all 122 aboard.

2000 - The United Nations defines the Blue Line as the border between Israel and Lebanon.

1991 - Mount Pinatubo erupts, generating an ash column 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) high.

1989 - Surinam Airways Flight 764 crashes on approach to Paramaribo-Zanderij International Airport in Suriname because of pilot error, killing 176 of 187 aboard.

1982 - Priscilla Presley opens Graceland to the public; the bathroom where Elvis Presley died five years earlier is kept off-limits.

1981 - The Israeli Air Force destroys Iraq's Osiraq nuclear reactor during Operation Opera.

1977 - Five hundred million people watch the high day of the Silver Jubilee
of Queen Elizabeth II begin on television.

1975 - Sony launches Betamax, the first videocassette recorder format.

1971 - Allegheny Airlines Flight 485 crashes on approach to Tweed New Haven Airport in New Haven, Connecticut, killing 28 of 31 aboard.

1971 - The Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms Division of the U.S. Internal Revenue Service raids the home of Ken Ballew for illegal possession of hand grenades.

1971 - The United States Supreme Court overturns the conviction of Paul Cohen for disturbing the peace, setting the precedent that vulgar writing is protected under the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.

1967 - Six-Day War: Israeli soldiers enter Jerusalem.

1965 - The Supreme Court of the United States hands down its decision in Griswold v. Connecticut, prohibiting the states from criminalizing the use of contraception by married couples.

1962 - The Organisation Armee Secrete (OAS) sets fire to the University of Algiers library building, destroying about 500,000 books.

1955 - Lux Radio Theatre signs off the air permanently. The show launched in New York in 1934, and featured radio adaptations of Broadway shows and
popular films.

1948 - Edvard Benes resigns as President of Czechoslovakia rather than
signing the Ninth-of-May Constitution, making his nation a Communist state.

1948 - Anti-Jewish riots in Oujda and Jerada take place.

1946 - The United Kingdom's BBC returns to broadcasting its television service, which has been off air for seven years because of World War II.

1945 - King Haakon VII of Norway returns from exactly five years in exile during World War II.

1944 - World War II: Battle of Normandy: At Ardenne Abbey, members of the SS Division Hitlerjugend massacre 23 Canadian prisoners of war.

1942 - World War II: Aleutian Islands Campaign: Imperial Japanese soldiers begin occupying the American islands of Attu and Kiska, in the Aleutian Islands off Alaska.

1942 - World War II: The Battle of Midway ends in American victory.

1940 - King Haakon VII, Crown Prince Olav and the Norwegian government leave Tromso and go into exile in London. They return exactly five years later.

1938 - Second Sino-Japanese War: The Chinese Nationalist government creates the 1938 Yellow River flood to halt Japanese forces. Five hundred thousand to nine hundred thousand civilians are killed.

1938 - The Douglas DC-4E makes its first test flight.

1929 - The Lateran Treaty is ratified, bringing Vatican City into existence.

1919 - Sette Giugno: Nationalist riots break out in Valletta, the capital of Malta. British soldiers fire into the crowd, killing four people.

1917 - World War I: Battle of Messines: Allied soldiers detonate a series of mines underneath German trenches at Messines Ridge, killing 10,000 German troops.

1906 - Cunard Line's RMS Lusitania is launched from the John Brown Shipyard, Glasgow (Clydebank), Scotland.

1905 - Norway's parliament dissolves its union with Sweden. The vote was confirmed by a national plebiscite on August 13 of that year.

1899 - American Temperance crusader Carrie Nation begins her campaign of vandalizing alcohol-serving establishments by destroying the inventory in a saloon in Kiowa, Kansas.

1892 - Homer Plessy is arrested for refusing to leave his seat in the "whites-only" car of a train; he lost the resulting court case, Plessy v. Ferguson.

1880 - War of the Pacific: The Battle of Arica, the assault and capture of Morro de Arica (Arica Cape), ends the Campana del Desierto (Desert Campaign).

1866 - One thousand eight hundred Fenian raiders are repelled back to the United States after looting and plundering the Saint-Armand and Frelighsburg areas of Canada East.

1862 - The United States and the United Kingdom agree in the Lyons-Seward Treaty to suppress the African slave trade.

1832 - Asian cholera reaches Quebec, brought by Irish immigrants, and kills about 6,000 people in Lower Canada.

1832 - The Great Reform Act of England and Wales receives royal assent.

1810 - The newspaper Gazeta de Buenos Ayres is first published in Argentina.

1800 - David Thompson reaches the mouth of the Saskatchewan River in Manitoba.

1788 - French Revolution: Day of the Tiles: Civilians in Grenoble toss roof tiles and various objects down upon royal troops.

1776 - Richard Henry Lee presents the "Lee Resolution" to the Continental Congress. The motion is seconded by John Adams and will lead to the United States Declaration of Independence.

1692 - Port Royal, Jamaica, is hit by a catastrophic earthquake; in just
three minutes, 1,600 people are killed and 3,000 are seriously injured.

1654 - Louis XIV is crowned King of France.

1640 - Corpus de Sang in Barcelona: Catalan reapers rioted against Spanish Royal soldiers and officers, killing the Viceroy of Catalonia, Dalmau de Queralt. Escalation of hostilities between the Principality of Catalonia and the Spanish Monarchy, leading to the Reapers' War.

1628 - The Petition of Right, a major English constitutional document, is granted the Royal Assent by Charles I and becomes law.

1494 - Spain and Portugal sign the Treaty of Tordesillas which divides the
New World between the two countries.

1420 - Troops of the Republic of Venice capture Udine, ending the
independence of the Patria del Friuli.

1099 - First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins.

1002 - Henry II, a cousin of Emperor Otto III, is elected and crowned King of Germany.

879 - Pope John VIII recognises the Duchy of Croatia under Duke Branimir as
an independent state.

421 - Emperor Theodosius II marries Aelia Eudocia at Constantinople
(Byzantine Empire).

--- Temp: 20°C | Humidity: 72% | Wind: 3 km/h (gust 4) | Pressure: 1014.56 mb
* Origin: Northern Realms (618:400/23)

This Day in History
-------------------

2023 - Former US President Donald Trump is indicted on federal charges of misusing classified information.

2007 - Space Shuttle Atlantis is launched on STS-117 carrying two truss segments and solar arrays to the International Space Station.

2007 - Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia, is hit by the State's worst storms and flooding in 30 years resulting in the death of nine people and the grounding of a trade ship, the MV Pasha Bulker.

2004 - The first Venus Transit in well over a century takes place, the previous one being in 1882.

2001 - Mamoru Takuma kills eight and injures 15 in a mass stabbing at an elementary school in the Osaka Prefecture of Japan.

1995 - Downed U.S. Air Force pilot Captain Scott O'Grady is rescued by U.S. Marines in Bosnia.

1992 - GP Express Airlines Flight 861 crashes on approach to Anniston
Regional Airport in Anniston, Alabama, killing three.

1992 - The first World Oceans Day is celebrated, coinciding with the Earth Summit held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

1987 - New Zealand's Labour government establishes a national nuclear-free zone under the New Zealand Nuclear Free Zone, Disarmament, and Arms Control Act 1987.

1984 - Homosexuality is decriminalized in the Australian state of New South Wales.

1983 - Reeve Aleutian Airways Flight 8 loses one of its propellers in flight resulting in damage to the flight controls. The Lockheed L-188 Electra makes an emergency landing at Anchorage International Airport and there are no injuries.

1982 - VASP Flight 168 crashes in Pacatuba, Ceara, Brazil, killing 128
people.

1982 - Bluff Cove Air Attacks during the Falklands War: Fifty-six British servicemen are killed by an Argentine air attack on two landing ships,
RFA Sir Galahad and RFA Sir Tristram.

1972 - Vietnam War: Nine-year-old Phan Thi Kim Phuc is burned by napalm,
an event captured by Associated Press photographer Nick Ut moments later
while the young girl is seen running naked down a road, in what would become an iconic, Pulitzer Prize-winning photo.

1968 - James Earl Ray, the man who assassinated Martin Luther King Jr. is arrested at London Heathrow Airport.

1967 - Six-Day War: The USS Liberty incident: A United States Navy spy ship
is attacked by the Israeli Air Force and Navy, resulting in 34 deaths and 171 wounded.

1966 - Topeka, Kansas, United States is devastated by a tornado that
registers as an "F5" on the Fujita scale, exceeding US$200 million in
damages. Seventeen people are killed, over five hundred more injured, and thousands of homes damaged or destroyed.

1966 - An F-104 Starfighter collides with XB-70 Valkyrie prototype no. 2, destroying both aircraft during a photo shoot near Edwards Air Force Base. Joseph A. Walker, a NASA test pilot, and Carl Cross, a United States Air
Force test pilot, are both killed.

1961 - Marriage of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent to Katharine Worsley at York Minster.

1959 - USS Barbero and the United States Postal Service attempt the delivery of mail via Missile Mail.

1953 - The United States Supreme Court rules in District of Columbia v. John R. Thompson Co. that restaurants in Washington, D.C., cannot refuse to serve black patrons.

1953 - An F5 tornado hits Beecher, Michigan, United States, killing 116, injuring 844, and destroying 340 homes.

1949 - George Orwell's dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four is published in the United States

1943 - World War II: The two-day Battle of Porta between the Royal Italian Army and the Greek People's Liberation Army begins.

1942 - World War II: The Imperial Japanese Navy submarines I-21 and I-24
shell the Australian cities of Sydney and Newcastle.

1941 - World War II: The Allies commence the Syria-Lebanon Campaign against the possessions of Vichy France in the Levant.

1940 - World War II: The completion of Operation Alphabet, the evacuation of Allied forces from Narvik at the end of the Norwegian campaign.

1929 - Margaret Bondfield is appointed Minister of Labour. She is the first woman appointed to the Cabinet of the United Kingdom.

1928 - Second Northern Expedition: The National Revolutionary Army captures Beijing, whose name is changed to Beiping ("Northern Peace").

1924 - British Mount Everest expedition: British mountaineers Andrew Irvine and George Mallory go missing.

1906 - Theodore Roosevelt signs the Antiquities Act into law, authorizing the President to restrict the use of certain parcels of public land with historical or conservation value.

1887 - Herman Hollerith applies for US patent #395,781 for the 'Art of Compiling Statistics', which was his punched card calculator.

1867 - Coronation of Franz Joseph as King of Hungary following the Austro-Hungarian compromise (Ausgleich).

1862 - American Civil War: A Confederate victory by forces under General Stonewall Jackson at the Battle of Cross Keys, along with the Battle of Port Republic the next day, prevents Union forces from reinforcing General George B. McClellan in his Peninsula campaign.

1861 - American Civil War: Tennessee secedes from the Union.

1856 - A group of 194 Pitcairn Islanders, descendants of the mutineers of
HMS Bounty, arrives at Norfolk Island, commencing the Third Settlement of
the Island.

1794 - Maximilien Robespierre inaugurates the French Revolution's new state religion, the Cult of the Supreme Being, with large organized festivals all across France.

1789 - James Madison introduces twelve proposed amendments to the United States Constitution in Congress.

1783 - Laki, a volcano in Iceland, begins an eight-month eruption which kills over 9,000 people and starts a seven-year famine.

1776 - American Revolutionary War: Continental Army attackers are driven back at the Battle of Trois-Rivieres.

1772 - Alexander Fordyce flees to France to avoid debt repayment, triggering the credit crisis of 1772 in the British Empire and the Dutch Republic.

1663 - Portuguese Restoration War: Portuguese victory at the Battle of Ameixial ensures Portugal's independence from Spain.

1191 - King Richard I of England arrives in Acre, beginning the Third Crusade.

1042 - Edward the Confessor becomes King of England - the country's penultimate Anglo-Saxon king.

793 - Vikings raid the abbey at Lindisfarne in Northumbria, commonly accepted as the beginning of Norse activity in the British Isles.

452 - Attila leads a Hun army in the invasion of Italy, devastating the northern provinces as he heads for Rome.

218 - Battle of Antioch: With the support of the Syrian legions, Elagabalus defeats the forces of emperor Macrinus.

--- Temp: 19°C | Humidity: 75% | Wind: 4 km/h (gust 6) | Pressure: 1022.35 mb
* Origin: Northern Realms (618:400/23)

This Day in History
-------------------

2010 - At least 40 people are killed and more than 70 wounded in a suicide bombing at a wedding party in Arghandab, Kandahar.

2009 - An explosion kills 17 people and injures at least 46 at a hotel in Peshawar, Pakistan.

2008 - Two bombs explode at a train station near Algiers, Algeria, killing at least 13 people.

1999 - Kosovo War: The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and NATO sign a peace treaty.

1995 - Ansett New Zealand Flight 703 crashes into the Tararua Range during approach to Palmerston North Airport on the North Island of New Zealand, killing four.

1979 - The Ghost Train fire at Luna Park Sydney, Australia, kills seven.

1978 - The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints opens its priesthood
to "all worthy men", ending a 148-year-old policy of excluding black men.

1973 - In horse racing, Secretariat wins the U.S. Triple Crown.

1972 - Severe rainfall causes a dam in the Black Hills of South Dakota to burst, creating a flood that kills 238 people and causes $160 million in damage.

1968 - U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson declares a national day of mourning following the assassination of Senator Robert F. Kennedy.

1967 - Six-Day War: Israel captures the Golan Heights from Syria.

1965 - Vietnam War: The Viet Cong commences combat with the Army of the Republic of Vietnam in the Battle of Dong Xoai, one of the largest
battles in the war.

1965 - The civilian Prime Minister of South Vietnam, Phan Huy Quat, resigns after being unable to work with a junta led by Nguyen Cao Ky.

1959 - The USS George Washington is launched. It is the first
nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine.

1958 - Aeroflot Flight 105 crashes on approach to Magdan-13 Airport, killing 24.

1957 - First ascent of Broad Peak by Fritz Wintersteller, Marcus Schmuck,
Kurt Diemberger, and Hermann Buhl.

1954 - Joseph N. Welch, special counsel for the United States Army, lashes
out at Senator Joseph McCarthy during the Army-McCarthy hearings, giving McCarthy the famous rebuke, "You've done enough. Have you no sense of
decency, sir, at long last? Have you left no sense of decency?"

1953 - The Flint-Worcester tornado outbreak sequence kills 94 people in Massachusetts.

1948 - Foundation of the International Council on Archives under the auspices of the UNESCO.

1944 - World War II: The Soviet Union invades East Karelia and the previously Finnish part of Karelia, occupied by Finland since 1941.

1944 - World War II: Ninety-nine civilians are hanged from lampposts and balconies by German troops in Tulle, France, in reprisal for maquisards attacks.

1930 - A Chicago Tribune reporter, Jake Lingle, is killed during rush hour at the Illinois Central train station by Leo Vincent Brothers, allegedly over a $100,000 gambling debt owed to Al Capone.

1928 - Charles Kingsford Smith completes the first trans-Pacific flight in a Fokker Trimotor monoplane, the Southern Cross.

1923 - Bulgaria's military takes over the government in a coup.

1922 - Aland's Regional Assembly convened for its first plenary session in Mariehamn, Aland; today, the day is celebrated as Self-Government Day of Aland.

1915 - William Jennings Bryan resigns as Woodrow Wilson's Secretary of State over a disagreement regarding the United States' handling of the sinking of the RMS Lusitania.

1900 - Indian nationalist Birsa Munda dies of cholera in a British prison.

1885 - Treaty of Tientsin is signed to end the Sino-French War, with China eventually giving up Tonkin and Annam - most of present-day Vietnam - to France.

1863 - American Civil War: The Battle of Brandy Station in Virginia, the largest cavalry battle on American soil, ends Confederate cavalry dominance
in the eastern theater.

1862 - American Civil War: Stonewall Jackson concludes his successful Shenandoah Valley Campaign with a victory in the Battle of Port Republic.

1856 - Five hundred Mormons leave Iowa City, Iowa for the Mormon Trail.

1815 - End of the Congress of Vienna: The new European political situation is set.

1798 - Irish Rebellion of 1798: Battles of Arklow and Saintfield.

1772 - The British schooner Gaspee is burned in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island.

1732 - James Oglethorpe is granted a royal charter for the colony of the future U.S. state of Georgia.

1534 - Jacques Cartier is the first European to describe and map the Saint Lawrence River.

1523 - The Parisian Faculty of Theology fines Simon de Colines for publishing the Biblical commentary Commentarii initiatorii in quatuor Evangelia by Jacques Lefevre d'Etaples.

1311 - Duccio's Maesta, a seminal artwork of the early Italian Renaissance,
is unveiled and installed in Siena Cathedral in Siena, Italy.

747 - Abbasid Revolution: Abu Muslim Khorasani begins an open revolt against Umayyad rule, which is carried out under the sign of the Black Standard.

721 - Odo of Aquitaine defeats the Moors in the Battle of Toulouse.

68 - Nero dies by suicide after quoting Vergil's Aeneid, thus ending the Julio-Claudian dynasty and starting the civil war known as the Year of the Four Emperors.

53 - The Roman emperor Nero marries Claudia Octavia.

411 BC - The Athenian coup succeeds, forming a short-lived oligarchy.

--- Temp: 23°C | Humidity: 71% | Wind: 2 km/h (gust 3) | Pressure: 1019.30 mb
* Origin: Northern Realms (618:400/23)

This Day in History
-------------------

2025 - Eleven people are killed, including the perpetrator, and eleven others are injured, in a mass shooting at a secondary school in Graz, Austria.

2024 - A plane crash in Malawi leaves 10 people dead, including the country's Vice President Saulos Chilima.

2018 - Opportunity rover, sends it last message back to Earth. The mission
was finally declared over on February 13, 2019.

2009 - Eighty-eight year-old James Wenneker von Brunn opens fire inside the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum and fatally shoots Museum Special Police Officer Stephen Tyrone Johns. Other security guards returned fire, wounding von Brunn, who was apprehended.

2008 - Sudan Airways Flight 109 crashes at Khartoum International Airport, killing 30 people.

2003 - The Spirit rover is launched, beginning NASA's Mars Exploration Rover mission.

2002 - The first direct electronic communication experiment between the nervous systems of two humans is carried out by Kevin Warwick in the United Kingdom.

2001 - Pope John Paul II canonizes Lebanon's first female saint, Saint Rafqa.

1999 - Kosovo War: NATO suspends its airstrikes after Slobodan Milosevic agrees to withdraw Serbian forces from Kosovo.

1997 - Before fleeing his northern stronghold, Khmer Rouge leader Pol Pot orders the killing of his defense chief Son Sen and 11 of Sen's family members.

1996 - Peace talks begin in Northern Ireland without the participation of
Sinn Fein.

1994 - China conducts a nuclear test for DF-31 warhead at Area C (Beishan), Lop Nur, its prominence being due to the Cox Report.

1991 - Eleven-year-old Jaycee Lee Dugard is kidnapped in South Lake Tahoe, California; she would remain a captive until 2009.

1990 - British Airways Flight 5390 lands safely at Southampton Airport after
a blowout in the cockpit causes the captain to be partially sucked from the cockpit. There are no fatalities.

1987 - June Democratic Struggle: The June Democratic Struggle starts in South Korea, and people protest against the government.

1982 - Lebanon War: The Syrian Arab Army defeats the Israeli Defense Forces
in the Battle of Sultan Yacoub.

1980 - The African National Congress in South Africa publishes a call to
fight from their imprisoned leader Nelson Mandela.

1977 - James Earl Ray escapes from Brushy Mountain State Penitentiary in Petros, Tennessee. He is recaptured three days later.

1967 - The Six-Day War ends: Israel and Syria agree to a cease-fire.

1964 - United States Senate breaks a 75-day filibuster against the Civil Rights Act of 1964, leading to the bill's passage.

1963 - The Equal Pay Act of 1963, aimed at abolishing wage disparity based on sex, was signed into law by John F. Kennedy as part of his New Frontier Program.

1960 - Trans Australia Airlines Flight 538 crashes near Mackay Airport in Mackay, Queensland, Australia, killing 29.

1957 - John Diefenbaker leads the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada to a stunning upset in the 1957 Canadian federal election, ending 22 years of Liberal Party government.

1947 - Saab produces its first automobile.

1945 - Australian Imperial Forces land in Brunei Bay to liberate Brunei.

1944 - In baseball, 15-year-old Joe Nuxhall of the Cincinnati Reds becomes
the youngest player ever in a major-league game.

1944 - World War II: In Distomo, Boeotia, Greece, 228 men, women and children are massacred by German troops.

1944 - World War II: Six hundred forty-three men, women and children
massacred at Oradour-sur-Glane, France.

1942 - World War II: The Lidice massacre is perpetrated as a reprisal for the assassination of Obergruppenfuhrer Reinhard Heydrich.

1940 - World War II: Military resistance to the German occupation of Norway ends.

1940 - World War II: U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt denounces Italy's actions in his "Stab in the Back" speech at the graduation ceremonies of the University of Virginia.

1940 - World War II: Fascist Italy declares war on France and the United Kingdom, beginning an invasion of southern France.

1935 - Chaco War ends: A truce is called between Bolivia and Paraguay who had been fighting since 1932.

1935 - Dr. Robert Smith takes his last drink, and Alcoholics Anonymous is founded in Akron, Ohio, United States, by him and Bill Wilson.

1924 - Fascists kidnap and kill Italian Socialist leader Giacomo Matteotti in Rome.

1918 - The Austro-Hungarian battleship SMS Szent Istvan sinks off the
Croatian coast after being torpedoed by an Italian MAS motorboat; the event
is recorded by camera from a nearby vessel.

1916 - The Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire was declared by Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca.

1898 - Spanish-American War: In the Battle of Guantanamo Bay, U.S. Marines begin the American invasion of Spanish-held Cuba.

1886 - Mount Tarawera in New Zealand erupts, killing 153 people and burying the famous Pink and White Terraces. Eruptions continue for three months creating a large, 17 km (11 mi) long fissure across the mountain peak.

1878 - League of Prizren is established, to oppose the decisions of the Congress of Berlin and the Treaty of San Stefano, as a consequence of which the Albanian lands in the Balkans were being partitioned and given to the neighbor states of Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria, and Greece.

1873 - Russian forces under General von Kaufmann capture the city of Khiva from the Khanate of Khiva.

1871 - Sinmiyangyo: Captain McLane Tilton leads 109 US Marines in a naval attack on Han River forts on Kanghwa Island, Korea.

1868 - Mihailo Obrenovic III, Prince of Serbia is assassinated.

1864 - American Civil War: Battle of Brice's Crossroads: Confederate troops under Nathan Bedford Forrest defeat a much larger Union force led by General Samuel D. Sturgis in Mississippi.

1863 - During the French intervention in Mexico, Mexico City is captured by French troops.

1861 - American Civil War: Battle of Big Bethel: Confederate troops under
John B. Magruder defeat a much larger Union force led by General Ebenezer W. Pierce in Virginia.

1854 - The United States Naval Academy graduates its first class of students.

1838 - Myall Creek massacre: Twenty-eight Aboriginal Australians are murdered.

1829 - The first Boat Race between the University of Oxford and the
University of Cambridge takes place on the Thames in London.

1805 - First Barbary War: Yusuf Karamanli signs a treaty ending the hostilities between Tripolitania and the United States.

1793 - French Revolution: Following the arrests of Girondin leaders, the Jacobins gain control of the Committee of Public Safety installing the revolutionary dictatorship.

1793 - The Jardin des Plantes museum opens in Paris. A year later, it becomes the first public zoo.

1786 - A landslide dam on the Dadu River created by an earthquake ten days earlier collapses, killing 100,000 in the Sichuan province of China.

1782 - King Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke (Rama I) of Siam (modern day Thailand) is crowned.

1719 - Jacobite risings: Battle of Glen Shiel.

1692 - Salem witch trials: Bridget Bishop is hanged at Gallows Hill near Salem, Massachusetts, for "certaine Detestable Arts called Witchcraft and Sorceries".

1624 - Signing of the Treaty of Compiegne between France and the Netherlands.

1619 - Thirty Years' War: Battle of Zablati, a turning point in the
Bohemian Revolt.

1596 - Willem Barents and Jacob van Heemskerk discover Bear Island.

1539 - Council of Trent: Pope Paul III sends out letters to his bishops, delaying the Council due to war and the difficulty bishops had traveling to Venice.

1523 - Copenhagen is surrounded by the army of Frederick I of Denmark, as the city will not recognise him as the successor of Christian II of Denmark.

1422 - Ottoman Sultan Murad II besieges Constantinople, but is ultimately unsuccessful.

1358 - Battle of Mello: The peasant forces of the Jacquerie are crushed by
the army of the French nobility.

1329 - The Battle of Pelekanon is the last attempt of the Byzantine Empire to retain its cities in Asia Minor.

1225 - Pope Honorius III issues the bull Vineae Domini custodes in which he approves the mission of Dominican friars to Morocco.

1190 - Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the river Saleph while leading an army to Jerusalem.

671 - Emperor Tenji of Japan introduces a water clock (clepsydra) called Rokoku. The instrument, which measures time and indicates hours, is placed in the capital of Otsu.

--- Temp: 21°C | Humidity: 95% | Wind: 3 km/h (gust 5) | Pressure: 1009.14 mb
* Origin: Northern Realms (618:400/23)

This Day in History
-------------------

2013 - Greece's public broadcaster ERT is shut down by then-prime minister Antonis Samaras. It would be opened exactly two years later by then-prime minister Alexis Tsipras.

2012 - 75 people die in a landslide triggered by two earthquakes in Afghanistan; an entire village is buried.

2010 - The first African FIFA World Cup kicks off in South Africa.

2008 - The Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope is launched into orbit.

2008 - Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper makes a historic official apology to Canada's First Nations in regard to abuses at a Canadian Indian residential school.

2007 - Mudslides in Chittagong, Bangladesh, kill 130 people.

2004 - Cassini-Huygens makes its closest flyby of the Saturn moon Phoebe.

2002 - Antonio Meucci is acknowledged as the first inventor of the telephone by the United States Congress.

2001 - Timothy McVeigh is executed for his role in the Oklahoma City bombing.

1998 - Compaq Computer pays US$9 billion for Digital Equipment Corporation
in the largest high-tech acquisition.

1987 - Diane Abbott, Paul Boateng and Bernie Grant are elected as the first black MPs in Great Britain.

1981 - A magnitude 6.9 earthquake at Golbaf, Iran, kills at least 2,000.

1978 - Altaf Hussain founds the student political movement All Pakistan Muhajir Students Organisation (APMSO) in Karachi University.

1971 - The U.S. Government forcibly removes the last holdouts to the Native American Occupation of Alcatraz, ending 19 months of control.

1970 - After being appointed on May 15, Anna Mae Hays and Elizabeth P. Hoisington officially receive their ranks as U.S. Army general officers, becoming the first women to do so.

1968 - Lloyd J. Old identified the first cell surface antigens that could differentiate among different cell types.

1964 - World War II veteran Walter Seifert attacks an elementary school in Cologne, Germany, killing at least eight children and two teachers and seriously injuring several more with a home-made flamethrower and a lance.

1963 - John F. Kennedy addresses Americans from the Oval Office proposing the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which would revolutionize American society by guaranteeing equal access to public facilities, ending segregation in education, and guaranteeing federal protection for voting rights.

1963 - Buddhist monk Thich Quang Duc burns himself with gasoline in a
busy Saigon intersection to protest the lack of religious freedom in South Vietnam.

1963 - American Civil Rights Movement: Governor of Alabama George Wallace defiantly stands at the door of Foster Auditorium at the University of
Alabama in an attempt to block two black students, Vivian Malone and James Hood, from attending that school. Later in the day, accompanied by
federalized National Guard troops, they are able to register.

1962 - Frank Morris, John Anglin and Clarence Anglin allegedly become the
only prisoners to escape from the prison on Alcatraz Island.

1956 - Start of Gal Oya riots, the first reported ethnic riots that target minority Sri Lankan Tamils in the Eastern Province. The total number of
deaths is reportedly 150.

1955 - Eighty-three spectators are killed and at least one hundred are
injured after an Austin-Healey and a Mercedes-Benz collide at the 24 Hours of Le Mans, the deadliest ever accident in motorsports.

1944 - USS Missouri, the last battleship built by the United States Navy and future site of the signing of the Japanese Instrument of Surrender, is commissioned.

1942 - Free French Forces retreat from Bir Hakeim after having successfully delayed the Axis advance.

1942 - World War II: The United States agrees to send Lend-Lease aid to the Soviet Union.

1940 - World War II: The Siege of Malta begins with a series of Italian air raids.

1938 - Second Sino-Japanese War: The Battle of Wuhan starts.

1937 - Great Purge: The Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin executes eight army leaders.

1936 - The London International Surrealist Exhibition opens.

1936 - Inventor Edwin Armstrong demonstrates FM broadcasting to an audience
of engineers at the FCC in Washington, DC.

1920 - During the U.S. Republican National Convention in Chicago, U.S. Republican Party leaders gathered in a room at the Blackstone Hotel to come
to a consensus on their candidate for the U.S. presidential election, leading the Associated Press to coin the political phrase "smoke-filled room".

1919 - Sir Barton wins the Belmont Stakes, becoming the first horse to win
the U.S. Triple Crown.

1917 - King Alexander assumes the throne of Greece after his father, Constantine I, is deemed to have abdicated under pressure from allied armies occupying Athens.

1903 - A group of Serbian officers storms the royal palace and assassinates King Alexander I of Serbia and his wife, Queen Draga.

1901 - The boundaries of the Colony of New Zealand are extended by the UK to include the Cook Islands.

1898 - The Hundred Days' Reform, a planned movement to reform social, political, and educational institutions in China, is started by the Guangxu Emperor, but is suspended by Empress Dowager Cixi after 104 days. (The failed reform led to the abolition of the Imperial examination in 1905.)

1895 - Paris-Bordeaux-Paris, sometimes called the first automobile race in history or the "first motor race", takes place.

1892 - The Limelight Department, one of the world's first film studios, is officially established in Melbourne, Australia.

1882 - Nationalist riots break out in Alexandria directed against foreign domination. More than 50 Europeans are killed, including the British consul.

1865 - The Naval Battle of the Riachuelo is fought on the rivulet Riachuelo (Argentina), between the Paraguayan Navy on one side and the Brazilian Navy
on the other. The Brazilian victory was crucial for the later success of the Triple Alliance (Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina) in the Paraguayan War.

1837 - The Broad Street Riot occurs in Boston, fueled by ethnic tensions between Yankees and Irish.

1825 - The first cornerstone is laid for Fort Hamilton in New York City.

1805 - A fire consumes large portions of Detroit in the Michigan Territory.

1788 - Russian explorer Gerasim Izmailov reaches Alaska.

1776 - The Continental Congress appoints Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert R. Livingston to the Committee
of Five to draft a declaration of independence.

1775 - The American Revolutionary War's first naval engagement, the Battle of Machias, results in the capture of a small British naval vessel.

1775 - The Coronation of Louis XVI in Reims, the last coronation before the French Revolution.

1770 - British explorer Captain James Cook runs aground on the Great Barrier Reef.

1748 - Denmark adopts the characteristic Nordic Cross flag later taken up by all other Scandinavian countries.

1724 - Johann Sebastian Bach leads his cantata O Ewigkeit, du Donnerwort (O eternity, you word of thunder), BWV 20, on the first Sunday after Trinity, beginning his second cycle, the chorale cantata cycle.

1702 - Anglo-Dutch forces skirmish with French forces before the walls of Nijmegen and prevent its fall.

1685 - James Scott, Duke of Monmouth, lands at Lyme in Dorset with loyal followers with the intent to depose king James II of England.

1594 - Philip II recognizes the rights and privileges of the local nobles and chieftains in the Philippines, which paved way to the stabilization of the rule of the Principalia (an elite ruling class of native nobility in Spanish Philippines).

1559 - Don Tristan de Luna y Arellano sails for Florida with party of 1,500, intending to settle on gulf coast (Vera Cruz, Mexico).

1509 - Henry VIII of England marries Catherine of Aragon.

1488 - The Battle of Sauchieburn is fought between rebel Lords and James III of Scotland, resulting in the death of the king.

1482 - The Treaty of Fotheringhay is signed between the English and Alexander Stewart, Duke of Albany, the rebellious brother of king James III of Scotland.

1429 - Hundred Years' War: Start of the Battle of Jargeau.

1345 - The megas doux Alexios Apokaukos, chief minister of the Byzantine Empire, is lynched by political prisoners.

1157 - Albert I of Brandenburg, also called The Bear (Ger: Albrecht der
Bar), becomes the founder of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, Germany and the first margrave.

1118 - Roger of Salerno, Prince of Antioch, captures Azaz from the Seljuk Turks.

1042 - Empress Zoe Porphyrogenita marries Constantine Monomachos, who is crowned the following day as Byzantine Emperor.

1011 - Lombard Revolt: Greek citizens of Bari rise up against the Lombard rebels led by Melus and deliver the city to Basil Mesardonites, Byzantine governor (catepan) of the Catepanate of Italy.

980 - Vladimir the Great consolidates the Kievan realm from Ukraine to the Baltic Sea. He is proclaimed ruler (knyaz) of all Kievan Rus'.

786 - A Hasanid Alid uprising in Mecca is crushed by the Abbasids at the Battle of Fakhkh.

631 - Emperor Taizong of Tang sends envoys to the Xueyantuo bearing gold and silk in order to seek the release of Chinese prisoners captured during the transition from Sui to Tang.

173 - Marcomannic Wars: The Roman army in Moravia is encircled by the Quadi, who have broken the peace treaty (171). In a violent thunderstorm emperor Marcus Aurelius defeats and subdues them in the so-called "miracle of the rain".

--- Temp: 22°C | Humidity: 88% | Wind: 3 km/h (gust 4) | Pressure: 1008.47 mb
* Origin: Northern Realms (618:400/23)

This Day in History
-------------------

2025 - Air India Flight 171, a Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner, crashes shortly after takeoff into the B. J. Medical College, Ahmedabad, India, killing 241 out of 242 onboard as well as 19 on the ground. This marked the first fatal crash
and hull loss of the Boeing 787 Dreamliner.

2024 - A fire in a residential building in Mangaf, Kuwait City kills at least 50 people.

2019 - Kassym-Jomart Tokayev is inaugurated as the second president of Kazakhstan.

2018 - United States President Donald Trump and Kim Jong-un of North Korea held the first meeting between leaders of their two countries in Singapore.

2016 - Forty-nine civilians are killed and 58 others injured in an attack on
a gay nightclub in Orlando, Florida, United States; the gunman, Omar Mateen, is killed in a gunfight with police.

2014 - Between 1,095 and 1,700 Shia Iraqi people are killed in an attack by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant on Camp Speicher in Tikrit, Iraq. It is the second deadliest act of terrorism in history, only behind 9/11.

2009 - A disputed presidential election in Iran leads to wide-ranging local and international protests.

1999 - Kosovo War: Operation Joint Guardian begins when a NATO-led United Nations peacekeeping force, Kosovo Force (KFor), enters the province of
Kosovo in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.

1993 - An election takes place in Nigeria and is won by Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola. Its results are later annulled by the military government of Ibrahim Babangida.

1991 - Kokkadichcholai massacre: The Sri Lankan Army massacres 152 minority Tamil civilians in the village of Kokkadichcholai near the Eastern Province town of Batticaloa.

1991 - In modern Russia's first democratic election, Boris Yeltsin is elected as the President of Russia.

1990 - Russia Day: The parliament of the Russian Federation formally declares its sovereignty.

1988 - Austral Lineas Aereas Flight 046, a McDonnell Douglas MD-81, crashes short of the runway at Libertador General Jose de San Martin Airport,
killing all 22 people on board.

1987 - Cold War: At the Brandenburg Gate, U.S. President Ronald Reagan publicly challenges Mikhail Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall.

1987 - The Central African Republic's former emperor Jean-Bedel Bokassa is sentenced to death for crimes he had committed during his 13-year rule.

1982 - A nuclear disarmament rally and concert is held in New York City.

1981 - The first of the Indiana Jones film franchise, Raiders of the Lost
Ark, is released in theaters.

1979 - Bryan Allen wins the second Kremer prize for a man-powered flight across the English Channel in the Gossamer Albatross.

1975 - State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain: Judge Jagmohanlal Sinha rules against Indira Gandhi in a case on her election to the Indian Parliament, and that she should be banned from holding any public office, triggering a political crisis.

1967 - The United States Supreme Court in Loving v. Virginia declares all
U.S. state laws that prohibit interracial marriage to be unconstitutional.

1964 - Anti-apartheid activist and ANC leader Nelson Mandela is sentenced to life in prison for sabotage in South Africa.

1963 - The film Cleopatra, starring Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton, is released in US theaters. It was the most expensive film made at the time.

1963 - NAACP field secretary Medgar Evers is murdered in front of his home in Jackson, Mississippi, by Ku Klux Klan member Byron De La Beckwith during the civil rights movement.

1954 - Pope Pius XII canonises Dominic Savio, who was 14 years old at the
time of his death, as a saint, making him at the time the youngest unmartyred saint in the Roman Catholic Church. In 2017, Francisco and Jacinta Marto,
aged ten and nine at the time of their deaths, are declared as saints.

1950 - An Air France Douglas DC-4 crashes near Bahrain International Airport, killing 46 people.

1944 - World War II: Battle of Carentan: American paratroopers of the 101st Airborne Division secure the town of Carentan, Normandy, France.

1943 - The Holocaust: Germany liquidates the Jewish Ghetto in Brzezany,
Poland (now Berezhany, Ukraine). Around 1,180 Jews are led to the city's old Jewish graveyard and shot.

1942 - Anne Frank receives a diary for her thirteenth birthday.

1940 - World War II: Thirteen thousand British and French troops surrender to General Erwin Rommel at Saint-Valery-en-Caux.

1939 - The Baseball Hall of Fame opens in Cooperstown, New York.

1939 - Shooting begins on Paramount Pictures' Dr. Cyclops, the first horror film photographed in three-strip Technicolor.

1935 - A ceasefire is negotiated between Bolivia and Paraguay, ending the Chaco War.

1921 - Mikhail Tukhachevsky orders the use of chemical weapons against the Tambov Rebellion, bringing an end to the peasant uprising.

1914 - Massacre of Phocaea: Turkish irregulars slaughter 50 to 100 Greeks and expel thousands of others in an ethnic cleansing operation in the Ottoman Empire.

1900 - The Reichstag approves new legislation continuing Germany's naval expansion program, providing for construction of 38 battleships over a
20-year period. Germany's fleet would be the largest in the world.

1899 - New Richmond tornado: The ninth deadliest tornado in U.S. history
kills 117 people and injures around 200.

1898 - Philippine Declaration of Independence: General Emilio Aguinaldo declares the Philippines' independence from Spain.

1864 - American Civil War, Overland Campaign: Battle of Cold Harbor: Ulysses S. Grant gives the Confederate forces under Robert E. Lee a victory when he pulls his Union troops from their position at Cold Harbor, Virginia and moves south.

1830 - Beginning of the Invasion of Algiers: Thirty-four thousand French soldiers land 27 kilometers west of Algiers, at Sidi Ferruch.

1821 - Badi VII, king of Sennar, surrenders his throne and realm to Isma'il Pasha, general of the Ottoman Empire, ending the existence of that Sudanese kingdom.

1817 - The earliest form of bicycle, the dandy horse, is driven by Karl von Drais.

1813 - Capture of USRC Surveyor.

1798 - Irish Rebellion of 1798: Battle of Ballynahinch.

1776 - The Virginia Declaration of Rights is adopted.

1775 - American War of Independence: British general Thomas Gage declares martial law in Massachusetts. The British offer a pardon to all colonists who lay down their arms. There would be only two exceptions to the amnesty:
Samuel Adams and John Hancock, if captured, were to be hanged.

1772 - French explorer Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne and 25 of his men are killed by Maori in New Zealand.

1758 - French and Indian War: Siege of Louisbourg: James Wolfe's attack at Louisbourg, Nova Scotia, commences.

1665 - Thomas Willett is appointed the first mayor of New York City.

1653 - First Anglo-Dutch War: The Battle of the Gabbard begins, lasting until the following day.

1643 - The Westminster Assembly is convened by the Parliament of England, without the assent of Charles I, in order to restructure the Church of England.

1550 - The city of Helsinki, Finland (belonging to Sweden at the time) is founded by King Gustav I of Sweden.

1429 - Hundred Years' War: On the second day of the Battle of Jargeau, Joan
of Arc leads the French army in their capture of the city and the English commander, William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk.

1418 - Armagnac-Burgundian Civil War: Parisians slaughter sympathizers of Bernard VII, Count of Armagnac, along with all prisoners, foreign bankers,
and students and faculty of the College of Navarre.

1381 - Peasants' Revolt: In England, rebels assemble at Blackheath, just outside London.

1240 - At the instigation of Louis IX of France, an inter-faith debate, known as the Disputation of Paris, starts between a Christian monk and four rabbis.

1206 - The Ghurid general Qutb ud-Din Aibak founds the Delhi Sultanate.

1042 - Constantine IX Monomachos is crowned as Byzantine Emperor, one day after is marriage to Empress Zoe Porphyrogenita.

910 - Battle of Augsburg: The Hungarians defeat the East Frankish army under King Louis the Child, using the famous feigned retreat tactic of the nomadic warriors.

--- Temp: 25°C | Humidity: 79% | Wind: 2 km/h (gust 3) | Pressure: 1006.43 mb
* Origin: Northern Realms (618:400/23)

This Day in History
-------------------

2025 - Israel initiates air strikes against Iran, initiating the Twelve Day War.

2023 - Three people are killed and another three injured in an early morning stabbing and van ramming attack in Nottingham, England.

2023 - At least 100 people are killed when a wedding boat capsizes on the Niger River in Kwara State, Nigeria.

2021 - A gas explosion in Zhangwan district of Shiyan city, in Hubei province of China kills at least 12 people and wounds over 138 others.

2018 - Volkswagen is fined one billion euros over the emissions scandal.

2015 - A man opens fire at policemen outside the police headquarters in Dallas, Texas, while a bag containing a pipe bomb is also found. He was later shot dead by police.

2012 - A series of bombings across Iraq, including Baghdad, Hillah and
Kirkuk, kills at least 93 people and wounds over 300 others.

2010 - A capsule of the Japanese spacecraft Hayabusa, containing particles of the asteroid 25143 Itokawa, returns to Earth by landing in the Australian Outback.

2007 - The Al Askari Mosque is bombed for a second time.

2005 - The jury acquits pop singer Michael Jackson of his charges for allegedly sexually molesting a child in 1993.

2002 - The United States withdraws from the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty.

2000 - Italy pardons Mehmet Ali Agca, the Turkish gunman who tried to kill Pope John Paul II in 1981.

2000 - President Kim Dae-jung of South Korea meets Kim Jong-il, leader of North Korea, for the beginning of the first ever inter-Korea summit, in the northern capital of Pyongyang.

1999 - BMW win 1999 24 Hours of Le Mans

1997 - The Uphaar Cinema Fire took place at Green Park, Delhi, resulting in the deaths of 59 people and seriously injured 103 others.

1997 - A jury sentences Timothy McVeigh to death for his part in the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing.

1996 - Garuda Indonesia flight 865 crashes during takeoff from Fukuoka Airport, killing three people and injuring 170.

1996 - The Montana Freemen surrender after an 81-day standoff with FBI agents.

1994 - A jury in Anchorage, Alaska, blames recklessness by Exxon and Captain Joseph Hazelwood for the Exxon Valdez disaster, allowing victims of the oil spill to seek $15 billion in damages.

1990 - First day of the June 1990 Mineriad in Romania. At least 240 strikers and students are arrested or killed in the chaos ensuing from the first post-Ceausescu elections.

1983 - Pioneer 10 becomes the first man-made object to leave the central
Solar System when it passes beyond the orbit of Neptune.

1982 - Battles of Tumbledown and Wireless Ridge, during the Falklands War.

1982 - Fahd becomes King of Saudi Arabia upon the death of his brother, Khalid.

1981 - At the Trooping the Colour ceremony in London, a teenager, Marcus Sarjeant, fires six blank shots at Queen Elizabeth II.

1977 - Convicted Martin Luther King Jr. assassin James Earl Ray is recaptured after escaping from prison three days before.

1973 - In a game versus the Philadelphia Phillies at Veterans Stadium, Los Angeles Dodgers teammates Steve Garvey, Davey Lopes, Ron Cey and Bill Russell play together as an infield for the first time, going on to set the Major League Baseball record of staying together for .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width: 1px}8+1/2 years.

1971 - Vietnam War: The New York Times begins publication of the Pentagon Papers.

1967 - U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson nominates Solicitor-General Thurgood Marshall to become the first black justice on the U.S. Supreme Court.

1966 - The United States Supreme Court rules in Miranda v. Arizona that the police must inform suspects of their Fifth Amendment rights before
questioning them (colloquially known as "Mirandizing").

1952 - Catalina affair: A Swedish Douglas DC-3 is shot down by a Soviet
MiG-15 fighter.

1944 - World War II: Germany launches the first V1 Flying Bomb attack on England. Only four of the eleven bombs strike their targets.

1944 - World War II: German combat elements, reinforced by the 17th SS Panzergrenadier Division, launch a counterattack on American forces near Carentan.

1944 - World War II: The Battle of Villers-Bocage: German tank ace Michael Wittmann ambushes elements of the British 7th Armoured Division, destroying
up to fourteen tanks, fifteen personnel carriers and two anti-tank guns in a Tiger I tank.

1927 - Aviator Charles Lindbergh receives a ticker tape parade up 5th Avenue in New York City.

1917 - World War I: The deadliest German air raid on London of the war is carried out by Gotha G.IV bombers and results in 162 deaths, including 46 children, and 432 injuries.

1898 - Yukon Territory is formed, with Dawson chosen as its capital.

1895 - Emile Levassor wins the world's first real automobile race. Levassor completed the 732-mile course, from Paris to Bordeaux and back, in just under 49 hours, at a then-impressive speed of about fifteen miles per hour
(24 km/h).

1893 - Grover Cleveland notices a rough spot in his mouth and on July 1 undergoes secret, successful surgery to remove a large, cancerous portion of his jaw; the operation was not revealed to the public until 1917, nine years after the president's death.

1886 - A fire devastates much of Vancouver, British Columbia.

1881 - The USS Jeannette is crushed in an Arctic Ocean ice pack.

1878 - Start of the Congress of Berlin in which the major powers of Europe revise the Treaty of San Stefano, signed on March 3 the same year, that
Russia had imposed on a defeated Ottoman Empire.

1855 - Twentieth opera of Giuseppe Verdi, Les vepres siciliennes ("The Sicilian Vespers"), is premiered in Paris.

1850 - The American League of Colored Laborers, the first African American labor union in the United States, is established in New York City.

1805 - Lewis and Clark Expedition: Scouting ahead of the expedition, Meriwether Lewis and four companions sight the Great Falls of the Missouri River.

1777 - American Revolutionary War: Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette lands near Charleston, South Carolina, in order to help the Continental Congress to train its army.

1774 - Rhode Island becomes the first of Britain's North American colonies to ban the importation of slaves.

1740 - Georgia provincial governor James Oglethorpe begins an unsuccessful attempt to take Spanish Florida during the Siege of St. Augustine.

1625 - King Charles I of England marries Catholic princess Henrietta Maria of France and Navarre, at Canterbury.

1525 - Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for priests and nuns.

1514 - Henry Grace a Dieu, at over 1,000 tons the largest warship in the
world at this time, built at the new Woolwich Dockyard in England, is dedicated.

1381 - In England, the Peasants' Revolt, led by Wat Tyler, comes to a head,
as rebels set fire to the Savoy Palace.

1325 - Ibn Battuta begins his travels, leaving his home in Tangiers to travel to Mecca (gone 24 years).

313 - The decisions of the Edict of Milan, signed by Constantine the Great
and co-emperor Valerius Licinius, granting religious freedom throughout the Roman Empire, are published in Nicomedia.

--- Temp: 24°C | Humidity: 63% | Wind: 1 km/h (gust 1) | Pressure: 1013.55 mb
* Origin: Northern Realms (618:400/23)

This Day in History
-------------------

2017 - Republican U.S. House Majority Whip Steve Scalise of Louisiana, and three others, are shot and wounded while practicing for the annual Congressional Baseball Game.

2017 - The Grenfell Tower fire, a catastrophic fire in a high-rise apartment building in North Kensington, London, UK, leaves 72 people dead and another
74 injured.

2014 - A Ukraine military Ilyushin Il-76 airlifter is shot down, killing all 49 people on board.

2002 - Near-Earth asteroid 2002 MN misses the Earth by 75,000 miles
(121,000 km), about one-third of the distance between the Earth and the Moon.

1994 - The 1994 Vancouver Stanley Cup riot occurs after the New York Rangers defeat the Vancouver Canucks to win the Stanley Cup, causing an estimated C$1.1 million, leading to 200 arrests and injuries.

1986 - The Mindbender derails, killing three riders and severely injuring one at the Fantasyland (known today as Galaxyland) indoor amusement park at West Edmonton Mall in Edmonton, Alberta.

1985 - Five member nations of the European Economic Community sign the Schengen Agreement establishing a free travel zone with no border controls.

1982 - Falklands War: Argentine forces in the capital Stanley conditionally surrender to British forces.

1972 - Japan Air Lines Flight 471 crashes on approach to Palam International Airport (now Indira Gandhi International Airport) in New Delhi, India,
killing 82 of the 87 people on board and four more people on the ground.

1967 - Mariner program: Mariner 5 is launched towards Venus.

1966 - The Vatican announces the abolition of the Index Librorum Prohibitorum ("index of prohibited books"), which was originally instituted in 1557.

1962 - The European Space Research Organisation is established in Paris - later becoming the European Space Agency.

1959 - Disneyland Monorail System, the first daily operating monorail system in the Western Hemisphere, opens to the public in Anaheim, California.

1955 - Chile becomes a signatory to the Buenos Aires copyright treaty.

1954 - U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower signs a bill into law that places the words "under God" into the United States Pledge of Allegiance.

1951 - UNIVAC I is dedicated by the U.S. Census Bureau.

1950 - An Air France Douglas DC-4 crashes near Bahrain International Airport, killing 40 people. This came two days after another Air France DC-4 crashed
in the same location.

1949 - Albert II, a rhesus monkey, rides a V-2 rocket to an altitude of
134 km (83 mi), thereby becoming the first mammal and first monkey in space.

1945 - World War II: Filipino troops of the Philippine Commonwealth Army liberate the captured in Ilocos Sur and start the Battle of Bessang Pass in Northern Luzon.

1944 - World War II: After several failed attempts, the British Army abandons Operation Perch, its plan to capture the German-occupied town of Caen.

1941 - June deportation: The first major wave of Soviet mass deportations of Estonians, Latvians, and Lithuanians from the occupied Baltic states begins.

1940 - Seven hundred and twenty-eight Polish political prisoners from Tarnow become the first inmates of the Auschwitz concentration camp.

1940 - The Soviet Union presents an ultimatum to Lithuania, resulting in Lithuanian loss of independence.

1940 - World War II: The German occupation of Paris begins.

1937 - U.S. House of Representatives passes the Marihuana Tax Act.

1937 - Pennsylvania becomes the first (and only) state of the United States
to celebrate Flag Day officially as a state holiday.

1934 - The landmark Australian Eastern Mission returns from its three-month tour of East and South-East Asia.

1931 - A deadly tornado strikes Birmingham, England, damaging 2,221 homes and businesses.

1926 - Brazil leaves the League of Nations.

1919 - John Alcock and Arthur Whitten Brown depart from St. John's, Newfoundland on the first nonstop transatlantic flight.

1907 - The National Association for Women's Suffrage succeeds in getting Norwegian women the right to vote in parliamentary elections.

1900 - The second German Naval Law calls for the Imperial German Navy to be doubled in size, resulting in an Anglo-German naval arms race.

1900 - Hawaii becomes a United States territory.

1888 - The White Rajahs territories become the British protectorate of Sarawak.

1872 - Trade unions are legalized in Canada.

1863 - Second Assault on the Confederate works at the Siege of Port Hudson during the American Civil War.

1863 - American Civil War: Second Battle of Winchester: A Union garrison is defeated by the Army of Northern Virginia in the Shenandoah Valley town of Winchester, Virginia.

1846 - Bear Flag Revolt begins: Anglo settlers in Sonoma, California, start a rebellion against Mexico and proclaim the California Republic.

1839 - Henley Royal Regatta: the village of Henley-on-Thames, on the River Thames in Oxfordshire, stages its first regatta.

1830 - Beginning of the French colonization of Algeria: Thirty-four thousand French soldiers begin their invasion of Algiers, landing 27 kilometers west
at Sidi Fredj.

1822 - Charles Babbage proposes a difference engine in a paper to the Royal Astronomical Society.

1821 - Badi VII, king of Sennar, surrenders his throne and realm to Ismail Pasha, general of the Ottoman Empire, bringing the 300 year old Sudanese kingdom to an end.

1807 - Emperor Napoleon's French Grande Armee defeats the Russian Army at
the Battle of Friedland in Poland (modern Russian Kaliningrad Oblast) ending the War of the Fourth Coalition.

1800 - The French Army of First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte defeats the Austrians at the Battle of Marengo in Northern Italy and re-conquers Italy.

1789 - Mutiny on the Bounty: HMS Bounty mutiny survivors including Captain William Bligh and 18 others reach Timor after a nearly 7,400 km (4,600 mi) journey in an open boat.

1777 - The Second Continental Congress passes the Flag Act of 1777 adopting the Stars and Stripes as the Flag of the United States.

1775 - American Revolutionary War: the Continental Army is established by the Continental Congress, marking the birth of the United States Armed Forces.

1690 - King William III of England (William of Orange) lands in Ireland to confront the former King James II.

1666 - A four day long naval engagement between the Dutch and English fleet ends, with the English suffering heavier losses.

1658 - Franco-Spanish War: Turenne and the French army win a decisive victory over the Spanish at the battle of the Dunes.

1645 - English Civil War: Battle of Naseby: Twelve thousand Royalist forces are beaten by fifteen thousand Parliamentarian soldiers.

1618 - Joris Veseler prints the first Dutch newspaper Courante uyt Italien, Duytslandt, &c. in Amsterdam (approximate date).

1404 - Welsh rebel leader Owain Glyndwr, having declared himself Prince of Wales, allies himself with the French against King Henry IV of England.

1381 - Richard II of England meets leaders of the Peasants' Revolt at Mile End. The Tower of London is stormed by rebels who enter without resistance.

1287 - Kublai Khan defeats the force of Nayan and other traditionalist Borjigin princes in East Mongolia and Manchuria.

1285 - Second Mongol invasion of Vietnam: Forces led by Prince Tran Quang
Khai of the Tran dynasty destroy most of the invading Mongol naval fleet
in a battle at Chuong Duong.

1276 - While in exile in Fuzhou, away from the advancing Mongol invaders, the remnants of the Song dynasty court hold the coronation ceremony for Emperor Duanzong.

1216 - First Barons' War: Prince Louis of France takes the city of
Winchester, abandoned by John, King of England, and soon conquers over half
of the kingdom.

1158 - The city of Munich is founded by Henry the Lion on the banks of the river Isar.

--- Temp: 21°C | Humidity: 89% | Wind: 0 km/h (gust 0) | Pressure: 1007.11 mb
* Origin: Northern Realms (618:400/23)

This Day in History
-------------------

2013 - A bomb explodes on a bus in the Pakistani city of Quetta, killing at least 25 people and wounding 22 others.

1996 - The Troubles: The Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) detonates a powerful truck bomb in the middle of Manchester, England, devastating the
city centre and injuring 200 people.

1992 - The United States Supreme Court rules in United States v. Alvarez-Machain that it is permissible for the United States to forcibly extradite suspects in foreign countries and bring them to the United States for trial, without approval from those other countries.

1991 - In the Philippines, Mount Pinatubo erupts in the second largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century, killing over 800 people.

1988 - The Ariane 4 rocket is launched on its maiden flight.

1977 - After the death of dictator Francisco Franco in 1975, the first democratic elections take place in Spain.

1972 - Cathay Pacific Flight 700Z is destroyed by a bomb over Pleiku, Vietnam (then South Vietnam) and kills 81 people.

1944 - In the Saskatchewan general election, the CCF, led by Tommy Douglas,
is elected and forms the first socialist government in North America.

1944 - World War II: The United States invades Saipan, capital of Japan's South Seas Mandate.

1940 - World War II: Operation Aerial begins: Allied troops start to evacuate France, following Germany's takeover of Paris and most of the nation.

1920 - Following the 1920 Schleswig plebiscites, Northern Schleswig is transferred from Germany to Denmark.

1919 - John Alcock and Arthur Brown complete the first nonstop transatlantic flight when they reach Clifden, County Galway, Ireland.

1904 - A fire aboard the steamboat SS General Slocum in New York City's East River kills 1,000.

1896 - One of the deadliest tsunamis in Japan's history kills more than
22,000 people.

1864 - American Civil War: The Second Battle of Petersburg begins.

1859 - Ambiguity in the Oregon Treaty leads to the "Northwestern Boundary Dispute" between American and British/Canadian settlers.

1846 - The Oregon Treaty extends the border between the United States and British North America, established by the Treaty of 1818, westward to the Pacific Ocean.

1834 - The looting of Safed commences.

1826 - In the Auspicious Incident, the Janissary mutiny against Sultan Mahmud II is defeated and the Janissary corps is disbanded as a result.

1804 - New Hampshire approves the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratifying the document.

1607 - Virginia Colonists finished building James's Fort, to defend against Spanish and Indian attacks.

1567 - Mary, Queen of Scots, and her new husband Bothwell are confronted by disgruntled Scottish nobles in the encounter at Carberry Hill. The stand-off ends with the surrender of queen Mary.

1520 - Pope Leo X threatens to excommunicate Martin Luther in Exsurge Domine.

1410 - Ottoman Interregnum: Suleyman Celebi defeats his brother Musa
Celebi outside the Byzantine capital, Constantinople.

1410 - In a decisive battle at Onon River, the Mongol forces of Oljei Temur were decimated by the Chinese armies of the Yongle Emperor.

1389 - The Ottomans under Sultan Murad I defeat a Serb army under Lazar of Serbia in the battle of Kosovo. Both leaders are killed in the battle.

1312 - At the Battle of Rozgony, King Charles I of Hungary wins a decisive victory over the family of Palatine Amade Aba.

1310 - The Tiepolo conspiracy, seeking to seize power in the Republic of Venice, is thwarted after bloody street clashes in Venice. The suppression of the revolt will lead to the creation of the Council of Ten.

1285 - The Byzantine Empire and the Republic of Venice conclude a treaty. Apart from agreeng on a ten year truce, the Venetians are alloted a
commercial quarter in Constantinople and are restored to earlier privileges.

1246 - With the death of Frederick II, Duke of Austria, the Babenberg dynasty ends in Austria.

1219 - Northern Crusades: Danish victory at the Battle of Lindanise (modern-day Tallinn) establishes the Danish Duchy of Estonia.

1215 - King John of England puts his seal to Magna Carta.

1184 - The naval Battle of Fimreite is won by the Birkebeiner pretender
Sverre Sigurdsson. Sigurdsson takes the Norwegian throne and King Magnus V of Norway is killed.

923 - Battle of Soissons: King Robert I of France is killed and King Charles the Simple is arrested by the supporters of Duke Rudolph of Burgundy.

844 - Louis II is crowned as king of Italy at Rome by pope Sergius II.

763 BC - Assyrians record a solar eclipse that is later used to fix the chronology of Mesopotamian history.

--- Temp: 15°C | Humidity: 65% | Wind: 3 km/h (gust 4) | Pressure: 1011.85 mb
* Origin: Northern Realms (618:400/23)

This Day in History
-------------------

2019 - Upwards of 2,000,000 people participate in the 2019-20 Hong Kong protests, the largest in Hong Kong's history.

2016 - Shanghai Disneyland Park, the first Disney Park in mainland China, opens to the public.

2015 - American businessman Donald Trump announces his campaign to run for President of the United States in the upcoming election.

2013 - A multi-day cloudburst, centered on the North Indian state of Uttarakhand, causes devastating floods and landslides, becoming the country's worst natural disaster since the 2004 tsunami.

2012 - The United States Air Force's robotic Boeing X-37B spaceplane returns to Earth after a classified 469-day orbital mission.

2012 - China successfully launches its Shenzhou 9 spacecraft, carrying three astronauts, including the first female Chinese astronaut Liu Yang, to the Tiangong-1 orbital module.

2010 - Bhutan becomes the first country to institute a total ban on tobacco.

2002 - Padre Pio is canonized by the Roman Catholic Church.

2000 - The Secretary-General of the UN reports that Israel has complied with United Nations Security Council Resolution 425, 22 years after its issuance, and completely withdrew from Lebanon. The Resolution does not encompass the Shebaa farms, which is claimed by Israel, Syria and Lebanon.

1997 - Fifty people are killed in the Daiat Labguer (M'sila) massacre in Algeria.

1995 - The Astronomy Picture of the Day website is launched.

1989 - Revolutions of 1989: Imre Nagy, the former Hungarian prime minister,
is reburied in Budapest following the collapse of Communism in Hungary.

1981 - US President Ronald Reagan awards the Congressional Gold Medal to Ken Taylor, Canada's former ambassador to Iran, for helping six Americans escape from Iran during the hostage crisis of 1979-81; he is the first foreign citizen bestowed the honor.

1977 - Oracle Corporation is incorporated in Redwood Shores, California, as Software Development Laboratories (SDL), by Larry Ellison, Bob Miner and Ed Oates.

1976 - Soweto uprising: A non-violent march by 15,000 students in Soweto, South Africa, turns into days of rioting when police open fire on the crowd.

1972 - The largest single-site hydroelectric power project in Canada is inaugurated at Churchill Falls Generating Station.

1963 - In an attempt to resolve the Buddhist crisis in South Vietnam, a Joint Communique was signed between President Ngo Dinh Diem and Buddhist leaders.

1963 - Soviet Space Program: Vostok 6 mission: Cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova becomes the first woman in space.

1961 - While on tour with the Kirov Ballet in Paris, Rudolf Nureyev defects from the Soviet Union.

1958 - Imre Nagy, Pal Maleter and other leaders of the 1956 Hungarian
Uprising are executed.

1955 - In a futile effort to topple Argentine President Juan Peron, rogue aircraft pilots of the Argentine Navy drop several bombs upon an unarmed
crowd demonstrating in favor of Peron in Buenos Aires, killing 364 and injuring at least 800. At the same time on the ground, some soldiers attempt to stage a coup but are suppressed by loyal forces.

1948 - Members of the Malayan Communist Party kill three British plantation managers in Sungai Siput; in response, British Malaya declares a state of emergency.

1940 - The Soviet Union occupies Lithuania, which will eventually become the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR).

1940 - World War II: Marshal Henri Philippe Petain becomes Chief of State of Vichy France (Chef de l'Etat Francais).

1933 - The National Industrial Recovery Act is passed in the United States, allowing businesses to avoid antitrust prosecution if they establish
voluntary wage, price, and working condition regulations on an industry-wide basis.

1930 - Sovnarkom establishes decree time in the USSR.

1925 - Artek, the most famous Young Pioneer camp of the Soviet Union, is established.

1922 - General election in the Irish Free State: The pro-Treaty Sinn Fein party wins a large majority.

1911 - IBM founded as the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company in Endicott, New York.

1904 - Irish author James Joyce begins a relationship with Nora Barnacle and subsequently uses the date to set the actions for his novel Ulysses; this
date is now traditionally called "Bloomsday".

1904 - Eugen Schauman assassinates Nikolay Bobrikov, Governor-General of Finland.

1903 - Roald Amundsen leaves Oslo, Norway, to commence the first east-west navigation of the Northwest Passage.

1903 - The Ford Motor Company is incorporated.

1897 - A treaty annexing the Republic of Hawaii to the United States is signed; the Republic would not be dissolved until a year later.

1884 - The first purpose-built roller coaster, LaMarcus Adna Thompson's "Switchback Railway", opens in New York's Coney Island amusement park.

1883 - The Victoria Hall theatre panic in Sunderland, England, kills 183 children.

1871 - The Universities Tests Act 1871 allows students to enter the universities of Oxford, Cambridge and Durham without religious tests (except for those intending to study theology).

1858 - Abraham Lincoln delivers his House Divided speech in Springfield, Illinois.

1846 - The Papal conclave of 1846 elects Pope Pius IX, beginning the longest reign in the history of the papacy.

1836 - The formation of the London Working Men's Association gives rise to
the Chartist Movement.

1824 - A meeting at Old Slaughter's coffee house in London leads to the formation of what is now the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA).

1819 - A major earthquake strikes the Kutch district of western India,
killing over 1,543 people and raising a 6-metre-high (20 ft),
6-kilometre-wide (3.7 mi), ridge, extending for at least 80 kilometres
(50 mi), that was known as the Allah Bund ("Dam of God").

1815 - Battle of Ligny and Battle of Quatre Bras, two days before the Battle of Waterloo.

1811 - Survivors of an attack the previous day by Tla-o-qui-aht on board the Pacific Fur Company's ship Tonquin, intentionally detonate a powder magazine on the ship, destroying it and killing about 100 attackers.

1795 - French Revolutionary Wars: In what became known as Cornwallis's Retreat, a British Royal Navy squadron led by Vice Admiral William Cornwallis strongly resists a much larger French Navy force and withdraws largely
intact, setting up the French Navy defeat at the Battle of Groix six days later.

1779 - American Revolutionary War: Spain declares war on the Kingdom of Great Britain, and the Great Siege of Gibraltar begins.

1760 - French and Indian War: Robert Rogers and his Rangers surprise French held Fort Sainte Therese on the Richelieu River near Lake Champlain. The
fort is raided and burned.

1755 - French and Indian War: The French surrender Fort Beausejour to the British, leading to the expulsion of the Acadians.

1746 - War of the Austrian Succession: Austria and Sardinia defeat a Franco-Spanish army at the Battle of Piacenza.

1745 - War of the Austrian Succession: New England colonial troops under the command of William Pepperrell capture the Fortress of Louisbourg in Louisbourg, New France (Old Style date).

1632 - The Plymouth Company granted a land patent to Thomas Purchase, the first settler of Pejepscot, Maine, settling at the site of Fort Andross.

1487 - Battle of Stoke Field: King Henry VII of England defeats the leaders
of a Yorkist rebellion in the final engagement of the Wars of the Roses.

1407 - Ming-Ho War: Retired King Ho Quy Ly and his son King Ho Han
Thuong of Ho dynasty are captured by the Ming armies.

632 - Yazdegerd III ascends the throne as king (shah) of the Persian Empire. He becomes the last ruler of the Sasanian dynasty (modern Iran).

--- Temp: 20°C | Humidity: 73% | Wind: 3 km/h (gust 3) | Pressure: 1011.85 mb
* Origin: Northern Realms (618:400/23)

This Day in History
-------------------

2021 - Juneteenth National Independence Day, was signed into law by President Joe Biden, to become the first federal holiday established since Martin
Luther King Jr. Day in 1983.

2017 - A series of wildfires in central Portugal kill at least 64 people and injure 204 others.

2015 - Nine people are killed in a mass shooting at Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church in Charleston, South Carolina.

1994 - Following a televised low-speed highway chase, O. J. Simpson is arrested for the murders of his ex-wife, Nicole Brown Simpson, and her friend Ronald Goldman.

1992 - A "joint understanding" agreement on arms reduction is signed by U.S. president George Bush and Russian president Boris Yeltsin (this would be
later codified in START II).

1991 - Apartheid: The South African Parliament repeals the Population Registration Act which required racial classification of all South Africans
at birth.

1989 - Interflug Flight 102 crashes during a rejected takeoff from Berlin Schonefeld Airport, killing 21 people.

1987 - With the death of the last individual of the species, the dusky
seaside sparrow becomes extinct.

1985 - Space Shuttle program: STS-51-G mission: Space Shuttle Discovery launches carrying Sultan bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, the first Arab and first Muslim in space, as a payload specialist.

1972 - Watergate scandal: Five White House operatives are arrested for burgling the offices of the Democratic National Committee during an attempt
by members of the administration of President Richard M. Nixon to illegally wiretap the political opposition as part of a broader campaign to subvert the democratic process.

1971 - U.S. president Richard Nixon in a televised press conference called drug abuse "America's public enemy number one", starting the war on drugs.

1967 - Nuclear weapons testing: China announces a successful test of its
first thermonuclear weapon.

1963 - A day after South Vietnamese president Ngo Dinh Diem announced
the Joint Communique to end the Buddhist crisis, a riot involving around
2,000 people breaks out. One person is killed.

1963 - The United States Supreme Court rules 8-1 in Abington School District v. Schempp against requiring the reciting of Bible verses and the Lord's Prayer in public schools.

1960 - The Nez Perce tribe is awarded $4 million for 7 million acres
(28,000 km2) of land undervalued at four cents/acre in the 1863 treaty.

1958 - The Ironworkers Memorial Second Narrows Crossing, in the process of being built to connect Vancouver and North Vancouver (Canada), collapses into the Burrard Inlet killing 18 ironworkers and injuring others.

1953 - Cold War: East Germany Workers Uprising: In East Germany, the Soviet Union orders a division of troops into East Berlin to quell a rebellion.

1952 - Guatemala passes Decree 900, ordering the redistribution of uncultivated land.

1948 - United Airlines Flight 624, a Douglas DC-6, crashes near Mount Carmel, Pennsylvania, killing all 43 people on board.

1944 - Iceland declares independence from Denmark and becomes a republic.

1940 - The three Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania fall under
the occupation of the Soviet Union.

1940 - World War II: The British Army's 11th Hussars assault and take Fort Capuzzo in Libya from Italian forces.

1940 - World War II: RMS Lancastria is attacked and sunk by the Luftwaffe
near Saint-Nazaire, France. At least 3,000 are killed in Britain's worst maritime disaster.

1939 - Last public guillotining in France: Eugen Weidmann, a convicted murderer, is executed in Versailles outside the Saint-Pierre prison.

1933 - Union Station massacre: In Kansas City, Missouri, four FBI agents and captured fugitive Frank Nash are gunned down by gangsters attempting to free Nash.

1932 - Bonus Army: Around a thousand World War I veterans amass at the United States Capitol as the U.S. Senate considers a bill that would give them certain benefits.

1930 - U.S. president Herbert Hoover signs the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act into law.

1929 - The town of Murchison, New Zealand is rocked by a 7.8 magnitude earthquake killing 17. At the time it was New Zealand's worst natural disaster.

1922 - Portuguese naval aviators Gago Coutinho and Sacadura Cabral complete the first aerial crossing of the South Atlantic.

1910 - Aurel Vlaicu pilots an A. Vlaicu nr. 1 on its first flight.

1901 - The College Board introduces its first standardized test, the forerunner to the SAT.

1900 - Boxer Rebellion: Western Allied and Japanese forces capture the Taku Forts in Tianjin, China.

1898 - The United States Navy Hospital Corps is established.

1885 - The Statue of Liberty arrives in New York Harbor.

1877 - American Indian Wars: Battle of White Bird Canyon: The Nez Perce
defeat the U.S. Cavalry at White Bird Canyon in the Idaho Territory.

1876 - American Indian Wars: Battle of the Rosebud: One thousand five hundred Sioux and Cheyenne led by Crazy Horse beat back General George Crook's forces at Rosebud Creek in Montana Territory.

1863 - American Civil War: Battle of Aldie in the Gettysburg campaign.

1861 - American Civil War: Battle of Vienna, Virginia.

1843 - The Wairau Affray, the first serious clash of arms between Maori and British settlers in the New Zealand Wars, takes place.

1839 - In the Kingdom of Hawaii, Kamehameha III issues the edict of
toleration which gives Roman Catholics the freedom to worship in the Hawaiian Islands. The Hawaii Catholic Church and the Cathedral of Our Lady of Peace
are established as a result.

1831 - The steam locomotive Best Friend of Charleston causes the first boiler explosion caused by a steam locomotive.

1795 - The burghers of Swellendam expel the Dutch East India Company magistrate and declare a republic.

1794 - Foundation of Anglo-Corsican Kingdom.

1789 - In France, the Third Estate declares itself the National Assembly.

1775 - American Revolutionary War: Colonists inflict heavy casualties on British forces while losing the Battle of Bunker Hill.

1773 - Cucuta, Colombia, is founded by Juana Rangel de Cuellar.

1767 - Samuel Wallis, a British sea captain, sights Tahiti and is considered the first European to reach the island.

1673 - French explorers Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet reach the Mississippi River and become the first Europeans to make a detailed account
of its course.

1665 - Battle of Montes Claros: Portugal definitively secured independence from Spain in the last battle of the Portuguese Restoration War.

1631 - Mumtaz Mahal dies during childbirth. Her husband, Mughal emperor Shah Jahan I, will spend the next 17 years building her mausoleum, the Taj Mahal.

1596 - The Dutch explorer Willem Barentsz discovers the Arctic archipelago of Spitsbergen.

1579 - Sir Francis Drake claims a land he calls Nova Albion (modern California) for England.

1497 - Battle of Deptford Bridge: Forces under King Henry VII defeat troops led by Michael An Gof.

1462 - Vlad the Impaler attempts to assassinate Mehmed II (The Night Attack
at Targoviste), forcing him to retreat from Wallachia.

1397 - The Kalmar Union is formed under the rule of Margaret I of Denmark.

1300 - Turku Cathedral is consecrated by Bishop Magnus I in the city of Turku (Swedish: Abo).

1242 - Following the Disputation of Paris, twenty-four carriage loads of Jewish religious manuscripts were burnt in Paris.

1128 - Former Empress Matilda, daughter and designated heiress of king Henry
I of England, marries Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou.

657 - After a prolonged siege by rebels who demand his abdication, caliph Uthman is assassinated as the rebels enter his palace.

653 - Pope Martin I is arrested and taken to Constantinople, due to his opposition to monothelitism.

--- Temp: 20°C | Humidity: 82% | Wind: 3 km/h (gust 4) | Pressure: 1006.77 mb
* Origin: Northern Realms (618:400/23)

This Day in History
-------------------

2023 - Titan, a submersible operated by OceanGate Expeditions, imploded while attempting to view the wreck of the Titanic, killing all five people on board including OceanGate co-founder and CEO Stockton Rush in the North Atlantic Ocean.

2018 - An earthquake of magnitude 6.1 strikes northern Osaka.

2009 - The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO), a NASA robotic spacecraft is launched.

2007 - The Charleston Sofa Super Store fire happened in Charleston, South Carolina, killing nine firefighters.

2006 - The first Kazakh space satellite, KazSat-1 is launched.

1998 - Propair Flight 420 crashes near Montreal-Mirabel International
Airport in Quebec, Canada, killing 11.

1994 - The Troubles: Members of the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) attack a crowded pub with assault rifles in Loughinisland, Northern Ireland. Six Catholic civilians are killed and five wounded. It was crowded with people watching the 1994 FIFA World Cup.

1984 - A major clash between about 5,000 police and a similar number of striking miners takes place at Orgreave, South Yorkshire, during the 1984-85 UK miners' strike.

1983 - Mona Mahmudnizhad, together with nine other women of the Baha'i
Faith, is sentenced to death and hanged in Shiraz, Iran over her religious beliefs.

1983 - Space Shuttle program: STS-7, Astronaut Sally Ride becomes the first American woman in space.

1982 - Italian banker Roberto Calvi's body is discovered hanging beneath Blackfriars Bridge in London, England.

1981 - The Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk, the first operational aircraft initially designed around stealth technology, makes its first flight.

1979 - SALT II is signed by the United States and the Soviet Union.

1972 - Staines air disaster: One hundred eighteen people are killed when a
BEA H.S. Trident crashes minutes after takeoff from London's Heathrow Airport.

1965 - Vietnam War: The United States Air Force uses B-52 bombers to attack guerrilla fighters in South Vietnam.

1958 - Benjamin Britten's one-act opera Noye's Fludde premiered at the Aldeburgh Festival.

1954 - Carlos Castillo Armas leads an invasion force across the Guatemalan border, setting in motion the 1954 Guatemalan coup d'etat.

1953 - A United States Air Force C-124 crashes and burns near Tachikawa, Japan, killing 129.

1953 - The Egyptian revolution of 1952 ends with the overthrow of the
Muhammad Ali dynasty and the declaration of the Republic of Egypt.

1948 - Britain, France and the United States announce that on June 21, the Deutsche Mark will be introduced in western Germany and West Berlin. Over the next six days, Communists increasingly restrict access to Berlin.[citation needed]

1948 - Columbia Records introduces the long-playing record album in a public demonstration at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York City.

1946 - Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia, a Socialist, calls for a Direct Action Day against the Portuguese in Goa.

1945 - William Joyce ("Lord Haw-Haw") is charged with treason for his pro-German propaganda broadcasting during World War II.

1940 - The "Finest Hour" speech is delivered by Winston Churchill.

1940 - Appeal of 18 June by Charles de Gaulle.

1935 - Police in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, clash with striking longshoremen, resulting in a total of 60 injuries and 24 arrests.

1928 - Aviator Amelia Earhart becomes the first woman to fly in an aircraft across the Atlantic Ocean (she is a passenger; Wilmer Stultz is the pilot and Lou Gordon the mechanic).

1920 - The Troubles in Ulster (1920-1922) begin with a week of sectarian violence in Derry.

1908 - The University of the Philippines is established.

1908 - Japanese immigration to Brazil begins when 781 people arrive in Santos aboard the ship Kasato-Maru.

1906 - Sultan Abdelaziz of Morocco ratifies the agreement reached in the Algeciras Conference in a personal decree.

1900 - Empress Dowager Cixi of China orders all foreigners killed, including foreign diplomats and their families.

1887 - The Reinsurance Treaty between Germany and Russia is signed.

1873 - Susan B. Anthony is fined $100 for attempting to vote in the 1872 presidential election.

1859 - First ascent of Aletschhorn, second summit of the Bernese Alps.

1858 - Charles Darwin receives a paper from Alfred Russel Wallace that includes nearly identical conclusions about evolution as Darwin's own, prompting Darwin to publish his theory.

1837 - St. Joseph Mutiny: African soldiers in the 1st West India Regiment - led by former slave trader Daaga - launched a rebellion in the British colony of Trinidad in an attempt to escape to Africa.

1822 - Konstantinos Kanaris blows up the Ottoman navy's flagship at Chios, killing the Kapudan Pasha Nasuhzade Ali Pasha.

1815 - Napoleonic Wars: The Battle of Waterloo results in the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte by the Duke of Wellington and Gebhard Leberecht von
Blucher forcing him to abdicate the throne of France for the second and last time.

1812 - The United States declaration of war upon the United Kingdom is signed by President James Madison, beginning the War of 1812.

1803 - Haitian Revolution: The Royal Navy led by Rear-Admiral John Thomas Duckworth commence the blockade of Saint-Domingue against French forces.

1799 - Action of 18 June 1799: A frigate squadron under Rear-admiral Jean-Baptiste Perree is captured by the British fleet under Lord Keith.

1778 - American Revolutionary War: The British Army abandons Philadelphia.

1757 - Battle of Kolin between Prussian forces under Frederick the Great and an Austrian army under the command of Field Marshal Count Leopold Joseph von Daun in the Seven Years' War.

1684 - The charter of the Massachusetts Bay Colony is revoked via a scire facias writ issued by an English court.

1633 - Charles I is crowned King of Scots at St Giles' Cathedral, Edinburgh.

1429 - Charles VII's army defeats an English army under John Talbot at the Battle of Patay during the Hundred Years' War. The English lost 2,200 men, over half their army, crippling their efforts during this segment of the war.

1391 - Tokhtamysh-Timur war: Battle of the Kondurcha River: Timur defeats Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde in present-day southeast Russia.

1265 - A draft Byzantine-Venetian treaty is concluded between Venetian envoys and Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos, but is not ratified by Doge Reniero Zeno.

1264 - The Parliament of Ireland meets at Castledermot in County Kildare, the first definitively known meeting of this Irish legislature.

1156 - The treaty of Benevento between pope Adrian IV and William I of Sicily is concluded.

1155 - Pope Adrian IV crowns Frederick Barbarossa as Holy Roman Emperor.

1053 - Battle of Civitate: Three thousand Norman horsemen of Count Humphrey rout the troops of Pope Leo IX..

860 - Byzantine-Rus' War: A fleet of about 200 Rus' vessels sails into the Bosphorus and starts pillaging the suburbs of the Byzantine capital Constantinople.

656 - Ali becomes Caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate.

618 - Li Yuan becomes Emperor Gaozu of Tang, initiating three centuries of Tang dynasty rule over China.

--- Temp: 22°C | Humidity: 82% | Wind: 4 km/h (gust 6) | Pressure: 994.58 mb
* Origin: Northern Realms (618:400/23)

This Day in History
-------------------

2020 - Animal rights advocate Regan Russell is run over and killed by a transport truck outside of a pig slaughterhouse in Burlington, Ontario.

2018 - Antwon Rose II is fatally shot in East Pittsburgh by East Pittsburgh Police Officer Michael Rosfeld after being involved in a near-fatal drive-by shooting.

2018 - The 10,000,000th United States Patent is issued.

2012 - WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange requests asylum in London's
Ecuadorian Embassy for fear of extradition to the US after publication of previously classified documents including footage of civilian killings by the US army; he will remain there until 2019.

2009 - War in North-West Pakistan: The Pakistani Armed Forces open Operation Rah-e-Nijat against the Taliban and other Islamist rebels in the South Waziristan area of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas.

2009 - Mass riots involving over 10,000 people and 10,000 police officers break out in Shishou, China, over the dubious circumstances surrounding the death of a local chef.

2007 - The al-Khilani Mosque bombing in Baghdad leaves 78 people dead and another 218 injured.

2005 - Following a series of Michelin tire failures during the United States Grand Prix weekend at Indianapolis, and without an agreement being reached,
14 cars from seven teams in Michelin tires withdrew after completing the formation lap, leaving only six cars from three teams on Bridgestone tires to race.

1991 - The last Soviet army units in Hungary are withdrawn.

1990 - The Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist
Republic is founded in Moscow.

1990 - The current international law defending indigenous peoples, Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989, is ratified for the first time by Norway.

1988 - Pope John Paul II canonizes 117 Vietnamese Martyrs.

1987 - Aeroflot Flight N-528 crashes at Berdiansk Airport in present-day Ukraine, killing eight people.

1987 - Basque separatist group ETA commits one of its most violent attacks,
in which a bomb is set off in a supermarket, Hipercor, killing 21 and
injuring 45.

1985 - Members of the Revolutionary Party of Central American Workers,
dressed as Salvadoran soldiers, attack the Zona Rosa area of San Salvador.

1982 - The People's Armed Police is de facto founded; It is officially established 10 months later on April 5, 1983

1978 - Garfield's first comic strip, originally published locally as Jon in 1976, goes into nationwide syndication.

1965 - Nguyen Cao Ky becomes Prime Minister of South Vietnam at the head
of a military junta; General Nguyen Van Thieu becomes the figurehead
chief of state.

1964 - The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is approved after surviving an 83-day filibuster in the United States Senate.

1961 - Kuwait declares independence from the United Kingdom.

1960 - Charlotte Motor Speedway holds its first NASCAR race, the inaugural World 600.

1953 - Cold War: Julius and Ethel Rosenberg are executed at Sing Sing, in New York.

1947 - Pan Am Flight 121 crashes in the Syrian Desert near Mayadin, Syria, killing 15 and injuring 21.

1945 - The Smoke Tragedy left 355 workers dead in the underground copper mine of El Teniente, Chile.

1943 - The Philadelphia Eagles and Pittsburgh Steelers of the NFL merge for one season due to player shortages caused by World War II.

1934 - The Communications Act of 1934 establishes the United States' Federal Communications Commission (FCC).

1926 - King Roger, an opera about Roger II of Sicily by Karol Szymanowski, is premiered at the Grand Theatre in Warsaw.

1921 - The village of Knockcroghery, Ireland, is burned by British forces.

1913 - Natives Land Act, 1913 in South Africa implemented.

1910 - The first Father's Day is celebrated in Spokane, Washington.

1903 - Benito Mussolini, at the time a radical Socialist, is arrested by Bern police for advocating a violent general strike.

1875 - The Herzegovinian rebellion against the Ottoman Empire begins.

1867 - Maximilian I of the Second Mexican Empire is executed by a firing
squad in Queretaro, Queretaro.

1865 - Over two years after the Emancipation Proclamation, slaves in Galveston, Texas, United States, are officially informed of their freedom.
The anniversary was officially celebrated in Texas and other states as Juneteenth. On June 17, 2021, Juneteenth officially became a federal holiday in the United States.

1862 - President Abraham Lincoln signs the Territorial Slavery Act of 1862, which prohibits slavery in all current and future United States territories.

1850 - Princess Louise of the Netherlands marries Crown Prince Karl of Sweden-Norway.

1846 - The first officially recorded, organized baseball game is played under Alexander Cartwright's rules on Hoboken, New Jersey's Elysian Fields with the New York Base Ball Club defeating the Knickerbockers 23-1. Cartwright umpired.

1821 - Decisive defeat of the Filiki Eteria by the Ottomans at Dragasani
(in Wallachia).

1816 - Battle of Seven Oaks between North West Company and Hudson's Bay Company, near Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.

1811 - The Carlton House Fete is held in London to celebrate the
establishment of the Regency era.

1800 - War of the Second Coalition Battle of Hochstadt results in a French victory over Austria.

1785 - The Boston King's Chapel adopts James Freeman's revised prayer book, without the Nicene Creed, establishing it as the first Unitarian congregation in the United States.

1718 - At least 73,000 people died in the 1718 Tongwei-Gansu earthquake due
to landslides in the Qing dynasty.

1586 - English colonists leave Roanoke Island, after failing to establish England's first permanent settlement in North America.

1306 - The Earl of Pembroke's army defeats Bruce's Scottish army at the
Battle of Methven.

1179 - The Battle of Kalvskinnet takes place outside Nidaros (now Trondheim), Norway. Earl Erling Skakke is killed, and the battle changes the tide of the civil wars.

978 - Byzantine forces loyal to emperor Basil II under Bardas Phokas the Younger defeat rebel forces under Bardas Skleros in the battle of Pankaleia (approximate date).

325 - The original Nicene Creed is adopted at the First Council of Nicaea.

--- Temp: 19°C | Humidity: 71% | Wind: 1 km/h (gust 3) | Pressure: 1010.50 mb
* Origin: Northern Realms (618:400/23)

This Day in History
-------------------

2025 - The first EF5 tornado in 12 years occurs in Enderlin, North Dakota.

2019 - Iran's Air Defense Forces shoot down an American surveillance drone over the Strait of Hormuz amid rising tensions between the two countries.

2011 - RusAir Flight 9605 crashes in Besovets during approach to Petrozavodsk Airport, killing 47.

2003 - The Wikimedia Foundation is founded in St. Petersburg, Florida.

1996 - Space Shuttle Columbia launches on STS-78 to conduct life science and microgravity research aboard the Spacelab module.

1994 - The 1994 Imam Reza shrine bomb explosion in Iran leaves at least 25 dead and 70 to 300 injured.

1991 - The German Bundestag votes to move seat of government from the former West German capital of Bonn to the present capital of Berlin.

1990 - The 7.4 Mw Manjil-Rudbar earthquake affects northern Iran with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme), killing 35,000-50,000, and
injuring 60,000-105,000.

1990 - Asteroid Eureka is discovered.

1988 - Haitian president Leslie Manigat is ousted from power in a coup
d'etat led by Lieutenant General Henri Namphy.

1982 - The Argentine Corbeta Uruguay base on Southern Thule surrenders to Royal Marine commandos in the final action of the Falklands War.

1982 - The International Conference on the Holocaust and Genocide opens in
Tel Aviv, despite attempts by the Turkish government to cancel it, as it included presentations on the Armenian genocide.

1979 - ABC News correspondent Bill Stewart is shot dead by a Nicaraguan National Guard soldier under the regime of Anastasio Somoza Debayle during
the Nicaraguan Revolution. The murder is caught on tape and sparks an international outcry against the regime.

1975 - The film Jaws is released in the United States, becoming the highest-grossing film of that time and starting the trend of films known as "summer blockbusters".

1973 - Aeromexico Flight 229 crashes on approach to Licenciado Gustavo Diaz Ordaz International Airport, killing all 27 people on board.

1973 - Snipers fire upon left-wing Peronists in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in what is known as the Ezeiza massacre. At least 13 are killed and more than
300 are injured.

1972 - Watergate scandal: An .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width: 1px}18+1/2-minute gap appears in the tape recording of the conversations between U.S. President Richard Nixon and his advisers regarding the recent arrests of his operatives while breaking into the Watergate complex.

1964 - A Curtiss C-46 Commando crashes in the Shengang District of Taiwan, killing 57 people.

1963 - Following the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Soviet Union and the United States sign an agreement to establish the so-called "red telephone" link between Washington, D.C., and Moscow.

1960 - The Mali Federation gains independence from France (it later splits into Mali and Senegal).

1959 - A rare June hurricane strikes Canada's Gulf of St. Lawrence killing 35.

1956 - A Venezuelan Super-Constellation crashes in the Atlantic Ocean off Asbury Park, New Jersey, killing 74 people.

1948 - The Deutsche Mark is introduced in Western Allied-occupied Germany.
The Soviet Military Administration in Germany responded by imposing the
Berlin Blockade four days later.

1945 - The United States Secretary of State approves the transfer of Wernher von Braun and his team of Nazi rocket scientists to the U.S. under Operation Paperclip.

1944 - The experimental MW 18014 V-2 rocket reaches an altitude of 176 km, becoming the first man-made object to reach outer space.

1944 - World War II: During the Continuation War, the Soviet Union demands unconditional surrender from Finland during the beginning of partially successful Vyborg-Petrozavodsk Offensive. The Finnish government refuses.

1944 - World War II: The Battle of the Philippine Sea concludes with a decisive U.S. naval victory. The lopsided naval air battle is also known as the "Great Marianas Turkey Shoot".

1943 - World War II: The Royal Air Force launches Operation Bellicose, the first shuttle bombing raid of the war. Avro Lancaster bombers damage the V-2 rocket production facilities at the Zeppelin Works while en route to an air base in Algeria.

1943 - The Detroit race riot breaks out and continues for three more days.

1942 - The Holocaust: Kazimierz Piechowski and three others, dressed as members of the SS-Totenkopfverbande, steal an SS staff car and escape from
the Auschwitz concentration camp.

1926 - The 28th International Eucharistic Congress begins in Chicago, with over 250,000 spectators attending the opening procession.

1921 - Workers of Buckingham and Carnatic Mills in the city of Chennai,
India, begin a four-month strike.

1900 - Baron Eduard Toll, leader of the Russian Polar Expedition of 1900, departs Saint Petersburg in Russia on the explorer ship Zarya, never to return.

1900 - Boxer Rebellion: The Imperial Chinese Army begins a 55-day siege of
the Legation Quarter in Beijing, China.

1895 - The Kiel Canal, crossing the base of the Jutland peninsula and the busiest artificial waterway in the world, is officially opened.

1893 - Lizzie Borden is acquitted of the murders of her father and stepmother.

1877 - Alexander Graham Bell installs the world's first commercial telephone service in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.

1863 - American Civil War: West Virginia is admitted as the 35th U.S. state.

1862 - Barbu Catargiu, the Prime Minister of Romania, is assassinated.

1840 - Samuel Morse receives the patent for the telegraph.

1837 - King William IV dies, and is succeeded by his niece, Victoria.

1819 - The U.S. vessel SS Savannah arrives at Liverpool, United Kingdom. It
is the first steam-propelled vessel to cross the Atlantic, although most of the journey is made under sail.

1791 - King Louis XVI, disguised as a valet, and the French royal family attempt to flee Paris during the French Revolution.

1789 - Deputies of the French Third Estate take the Tennis Court Oath.

1787 - Oliver Ellsworth moves at the Federal Convention to call the
government the 'United States'.

1782 - The U.S. Congress adopts the Great Seal of the United States.

1756 - A British garrison is imprisoned in the Black Hole of Calcutta.

1685 - Monmouth Rebellion: James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth declares himself King of England at Bridgwater.

1652 - Tarhoncu Ahmed Pasha is appointed Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire.

1631 - The Sack of Baltimore: The Irish village of Baltimore is attacked by Barbary slave traders.

1622 - The Battle of Hochst takes place during the Thirty Years' War.

1295 - The Treaty of Anagni, an attempt mediated by the papacy to end the War of the Sicilian Vespers, is signed by the crown of Aragon, the kingdom of France and kingdom of Naples.

1210 - Michael I Komnenos Doukas, the first ruler of the despotate of Epirus, signs a treaty with the Republic of Venice and becomes their vassal.

1180 - First Battle of Uji, starting the Genpei War in Japan.

451 - Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius battles Attila the Hun. After the battle, which was inconclusive, Attila retreats, causing the Romans to interpret it as a victory.

--- Temp: 19°C | Humidity: 61% | Wind: 0 km/h (gust 0) | Pressure: 1013.55 mb
* Origin: Northern Realms (618:400/23)

This Day in History
-------------------

2025 - A hot air balloon catches fire mid-flight and crashes in Praia Grande, Santa Catarina, Brazil, killing 8 of the 21 on board.

2012 - An Indonesian Air Force Fokker F27 Friendship crashes near Halim Perdanakusuma International Airport, killing 11.

2012 - A boat carrying more than 200 migrants capsizes in the Indian Ocean between the Indonesian island of Java and Christmas Island, killing 17 people and leaving 70 others missing.

2009 - Greenland assumes self-rule.

2006 - A Yeti Airlines de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter crashes at Jumla Airport in Nepal, killing nine people.

2006 - Pluto's newly discovered moons are officially named Nix and Hydra.

2005 - Edgar Ray Killen, who had previously been unsuccessfully tried for the murders of James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Mickey Schwerner, is convicted
of manslaughter 41 years afterwards (the case had been reopened in 2004).

2004 - SpaceShipOne becomes the first privately funded spaceplane to achieve spaceflight.

2001 - A federal grand jury in Alexandria, Virginia, indicts 13 Saudis and a Lebanese in the 1996 bombing of the Khobar Towers in Saudi Arabia that killed 19 American servicemen.

2000 - Section 28 (of the Local Government Act 1988), outlawing the 'promotion' of homosexuality in the United Kingdom, is repealed in Scotland with a 99 to 17 vote.

1993 - Space Shuttle Endeavour is launched on STS-57 to retrieve the European Retrievable Carrier (EURECA) satellite. It is also the first shuttle mission to carry the Spacehab module.

1989 - The U.S. Supreme Court rules in Texas v. Johnson, 491 U.S. 397, that American flag-burning is a form of political protest protected by the First Amendment.

1985 - Braathens SAFE Flight 139 is hijacked on approach to Oslo Airport, Fornebu. Special forces arrest the hijacker and there are no fatalities.

1982 - John Hinckley is found not guilty by reason of insanity for the attempted assassination of U.S. President Ronald Reagan.

1978 - The original production of Tim Rice and Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical, Evita, based on the life of Eva Peron, opens at the Prince Edward Theatre, London.

1973 - In its decision in Miller v. California, 413 U.S. 15, the Supreme
Court of the United States establishes the Miller test for determining
whether something is obscene and not protected speech under the U.S. constitution.

1973 - The Primer Congreso del Hombre Andino is inaugurated in Arica, Chile.

1970 - Penn Central declares Section 77 bankruptcy in what was the largest U.S. corporate bankruptcy to date.

1964 - Three civil rights workers, Andrew Goodman, James Chaney and Michael Schwerner, are murdered in Neshoba County, Mississippi, United States, by members of the Ku Klux Klan.

1963 - Cardinal Giovanni Battista Montini is elected as Pope Paul VI.

1957 - Ellen Fairclough is sworn in as Canada's first female Cabinet Minister.

1952 - The Philippine School of Commerce, through a republic act, is
converted to Philippine College of Commerce, later to be the Polytechnic University of the Philippines.

1945 - World War II: The Battle of Okinawa ends when the organized resistance of Imperial Japanese Army forces collapses in the Mabuni area on the southern tip of the main island.

1942 - World War II: A Japanese submarine surfaces near the Columbia River in Oregon, firing 17 shells at Fort Stevens in one of only a handful of attacks by Japan against the United States mainland.

1942 - World War II: Tobruk falls to Italian and German forces; 33,000 Allied troops are taken prisoner.

1941 - Having defeated forces of Vichy France, Allied forces capture Damascus.

1940 - World War II: Italy begins an unsuccessful invasion of France.

1930 - One-year conscription comes into force in France.

1929 - An agreement brokered by U.S. Ambassador Dwight Whitney Morrow ends
the Cristero War in Mexico.

1921 - The Irish village of Knockcroghery was burned by British forces.

1919 - Admiral Ludwig von Reuter scuttles the German fleet at Scapa Flow, Orkney. The nine sailors killed are the last casualties of World War I.

1919 - The Royal Canadian Mounted Police fire a volley into a crowd of unemployed war veterans, killing two, during the Winnipeg general strike.

1915 - The U.S. Supreme Court hands down its decision in Guinn v. United States 238 US 347 1915, striking down Oklahoma grandfather clause legislation which had the effect of denying the right to vote to blacks.

1900 - Boxer Rebellion: China formally declares war on the United States, Britain, Germany, France and Japan, as an edict issued from the Empress Dowager Cixi.

1898 - The United States captures Guam from Spain. The few warning shots
fired by the U.S. naval vessels are misinterpreted as salutes by the Spanish garrison, which was unaware that the two nations were at war.

1864 - American Civil War: The Battle of Jerusalem Plank Road begins.

1848 - In the Wallachian Revolution, Ion Heliade Radulescu and Christian
Tell issue the Proclamation of Islaz and create a new republican government.

1826 - Maniots defeat Egyptians under Ibrahim Pasha in the Battle of Vergas.

1824 - Greek War of Independence: Egyptian forces capture Psara in the Aegean Sea.

1813 - Peninsular War: Wellington defeats Joseph Bonaparte at the Battle of Vitoria.

1798 - Irish Rebellion of 1798: The British Army defeats Irish rebels at the Battle of Vinegar Hill.

1791 - King Louis XVI and his immediate family begin the Flight to Varennes during the French Revolution.

1788 - New Hampshire becomes the ninth state to ratify the Constitution of
the United States.

1768 - James Otis Jr. offends the King and Parliament in a speech to the Massachusetts General Court.

1749 - Halifax, Nova Scotia, is founded.

1734 - In Montreal, New France, a slave known by the French name of Marie-Joseph Angelique is put to death, having been convicted of setting the fire that destroyed much of the city.

1621 - Execution of 27 Czech noblemen on the Old Town Square in Prague as a consequence of the Battle of White Mountain.

1582 - Sengoku period: Oda Nobunaga, the most powerful of the Japanese daimyos, is forced to commit suicide by his own general Akechi Mitsuhide.

1529 - French forces are driven out of northern Italy by Spain at the Battle of Landriano during the War of the League of Cognac.

1307 - Kulug Khan is enthroned as Khagan of the Mongols and Wuzong of the Yuan.

870 - Caliph al-Muhtadi is killed by rebellious troops and is succeeded by
his cousin Al-Mu'tamid.

533 - A Byzantine expeditionary fleet under Belisarios sails from Constantinople to attack the Vandals in Africa, via Greece and Sicily.

217 BC - A Carthaginian force under Hannibal ambushes and defeats a Roman
army commanded by Gaius Flaminius in the battle of lake Trasimene during the Second Punic War.

--- Temp: 21°C | Humidity: 55% | Wind: 1 km/h (gust 3) | Pressure: 1015.58 mb
* Origin: Northern Realms (618:400/23)

This Day in History
-------------------

2025 - The United States conducts airstrikes on three Iranian nuclear sites
in Fordow, Natanz, and Isfahan.

2022 - An earthquake occurs in eastern Afghanistan resulting in over 1,000 deaths.

2015 - The Afghan National Assembly building is attacked by gunmen after a suicide bombing. All six of the gunmen are killed and 18 people are injured.

2012 - A Turkish Air Force McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II fighter plane is shot down by the Syrian Armed Forces, killing both of the plane's pilots and worsening already-strained relations between Turkey and Syria.

2012 - Paraguayan President Fernando Lugo is removed from office by impeachment and succeeded by Federico Franco.

2009 - A Washington D.C Metro train traveling southbound near Fort Totten station collides into another train waiting to enter the station. Nine people are killed in the collision (eight passengers and the train operator) and at least 80 others are injured.

2007 - The small town of Elie, Manitoba is hit by Canada's most intense tornado on record.

2002 - An earthquake measuring 6.5 Mw strikes a region of northwestern Iran killing at least 261 people and injuring 1,300 others and eventually causing widespread public anger due to the slow official response.

2000 - Wuhan Airlines Flight 343 is struck by lightning and crashes into Wuhan's Hanyang District, killing 49 people.

1990 - Cold War: Checkpoint Charlie is dismantled in Berlin.

1986 - The famous Hand of God goal, scored by Diego Maradona in the quarter-finals of the 1986 FIFA World Cup match between Argentina and
England, ignites controversy. This was later followed by the Goal of the Century. Argentina wins 2-1 and later goes on to win the World Cup.

1984 - Virgin Atlantic launches with its first flight from London to Newark.

1979 - Former Liberal Party leader Jeremy Thorpe was acquitted of conspiracy to murder Norman Scott, who had accused Thorpe of having a relationship with him.

1978 - Charon, the first of Pluto's satellites to be discovered, was first seen at the United States Naval Observatory by James W. Christy.

1969 - The Cuyahoga River catches fire in Cleveland, Ohio, drawing national attention to water pollution, and spurring the passing of the Clean Water Act and the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency.

1966 - Vietnamese Buddhist activist leader Thich Tri Quang was arrested as
the military junta of Nguyen Cao Ky crushed the Buddhist Uprising.

1965 - The Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea is signed.

1962 - Air France Flight 117 crashes on approach to Pointe-a-Pitre International Airport in Guadeloupe, killing 112 people.

1948 - King George VI formally gives up the title "Emperor of India", half a year after Britain actually gave up its rule of India.

1948 - The ship HMT Empire Windrush brought the first group of 802 West
Indian immigrants to Tilbury, marking the start of modern immigration to the United Kingdom.

1945 - World War II: The Battle of Okinawa comes to an end with an American flag-raising ceremony.

1944 - U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs into law the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, commonly known as the G.I. Bill.

1944 - World War II: Opening day of the Soviet Union's Operation Bagration against the Army Group Centre.

1942 - The Pledge of Allegiance is formally adopted by U.S. Congress.

1942 - World War II: Erwin Rommel is promoted to Field Marshal after the Axis capture of Tobruk.

1941 - World War II: Nazi Germany invades the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa.

1940 - World War II: France is forced to sign the Second Compiegne armistice with Germany, in the same railroad car in which the Germans signed the Armistice in 1918.

1922 - British Army Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson is killed by the Irish Republican Army helping to spark the Irish Civil War.

1918 - The Hammond Circus Train Wreck kills 86 and injures 127 near Hammond, Indiana.

1911 - Mexican Revolution: Government forces bring an end to the Magonista rebellion of 1911 in the Second Battle of Tijuana.

1911 - George V and Mary of Teck are crowned King and Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

1907 - The London Underground's Charing Cross, Euston and Hampstead Railway opens.

1898 - Spanish-American War: In a chaotic operation, 6,000 men of the U.S. Fifth Army Corps begins landing at Daiquiri, Cuba, about 16 miles (26 km)
east of Santiago de Cuba. Lt. Gen. Arsenio Linares y Pombo of the Spanish
Army outnumbers them two-to-one, but does not oppose the landings.

1897 - British colonial officers Charles Walter Rand and Lt. Charles Egerton Ayerst are assassinated in Pune, Maharashtra, India by the Chapekar brothers and Mahadeo Vinayak Ranade, who are later caught and hanged.

1893 - The Royal Navy battleship HMS Camperdown accidentally rams the
British Mediterranean Fleet flagship HMS Victoria which sinks taking 358
crew with her, including the fleet's commander, Vice-Admiral Sir George Tryon.

1870 - The United States Department of Justice is created by the U.S. Congress.

1839 - Cherokee leaders Major Ridge, John Ridge, and Elias Boudinot are assassinated for signing the Treaty of New Echota, which had resulted in the Trail of Tears.

1813 - War of 1812: After learning of American plans for a surprise attack on Beaver Dams in Ontario, Laura Secord sets out on a thirty kilometres (19 mi) journey on foot to warn Lieutenant James FitzGibbon.

1812 - France declares war on Russia, starting Napoleon's invasion.

1807 - In the Chesapeake-Leopard affair, the British warship HMS Leopard attacks and boards the American frigate USS Chesapeake.

1793 - Haitian Revolution: The Battle of Cap-Francais ends with French Republican troops and black slave insurgents capturing the city.

1783 - A poisonous cloud caused by the eruption of the Laki volcano in
Iceland reaches Le Havre in France.

1774 - The British pass the Quebec Act, setting out rules of governance for the colony of Quebec in British North America.

1633 - The Holy Office in Rome forces Galileo Galilei to recant his view that the Sun, not the Earth, is the center of the Universe in the form he
presented it in, after heated controversy.

1593 - Battle of Sisak: Allied Christian troops defeat the Ottomans.

1555 - A Mughal army under Humayun and Bairam Khan defeats an Afghan army under Sikandar Shah Suri in the battle of Sirhind, allowing Humayun to
capture Delhi and reestablish the Mughal Empire in India.

1527 - Fatahillah expels Portuguese forces from Sunda Kelapa, now regarded as the foundation of Jakarta.

910 - The Hungarians defeat the East Frankish army near the Rednitz River, killing its leader Gebhard, Duke of Lotharingia (Lorraine).

816 - Election of pope Stephen IV following the death of pope Leo III earlier that month.

813 - Battle of Versinikia: The Bulgars led by Krum defeat the Byzantine army near Edirne. Emperor Michael I is forced to abdicate in favor of Leo V the Armenian.

431 - The Council of Ephesus, the third ecumenical council, begins, dealing with Nestorianism.

168 BC - Battle of Pydna: Romans under Lucius Aemilius Paullus defeat Macedonian King Perseus who surrenders after the battle, ending the Third Macedonian War.

217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV Philopator of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom.

--- Temp: 14°C | Humidity: 95% | Wind: 1 km/h (gust 1) | Pressure: 1016.26 mb
* Origin: Northern Realms (618:400/23)

This Day in History
-------------------

2018 - Twelve boys and an assistant coach from a soccer team in Thailand are trapped in a flooding cave, leading to an 18-day rescue operation.

2017 - A series of terrorist attacks take place in Pakistan, resulting in 96 deaths and wounding 200 others.

2016 - The United Kingdom votes in a referendum to leave the European Union, by 52% to 48%.

2014 - The last of Syria's declared chemical weapons are shipped out for destruction.

2013 - Militants storm a high-altitude mountaineering base camp near Nanga Parbat in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan, killing ten climbers and a local guide.

2013 - Nik Wallenda becomes the first man to successfully walk across the Grand Canyon on a tight rope.

2012 - Ashton Eaton breaks the decathlon world record at the United States Olympic Trials.

2005 - American social news and discussion site Reddit is founded in Medford, Massachusetts by Steve Huffman and Alexis Ohanian.

2001 - The 8.4 Mw southern Peru earthquake shakes coastal Peru with a
maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe). A destructive tsunami followed, leaving at least 74 people dead, and 2,687 injured.

1994 - NASA's Space Station Processing Facility, a new state-of-the-art manufacturing building for the International Space Station, officially opens at Kennedy Space Center.

1991 - Sonic the Hedgehog is released in North America on the Sega Genesis platform, beginning the popular video game franchise.

1985 - A terrorist bomb explodes at Narita International Airport near Tokyo, killing two and injuring four. An hour later, the same group detonates a second bomb aboard Air India Flight 182, bringing the Boeing 747 down off the coast of Ireland killing all 329 aboard.

1973 - A fire at a house in Hull, England, which kills a six-year-old boy is passed off as an accident; it later emerges as the first of 26 deaths by fire caused over the next seven years by serial arsonist Peter Dinsdale.

1972 - Title IX of the United States Civil Rights Act of 1964 is amended to prohibit sexual discrimination to any educational program receiving federal funds.

1972 - Watergate scandal: U.S. President Richard M. Nixon and White House Chief of Staff H. R. Haldeman are taped talking about illegally using the Central Intelligence Agency to obstruct the Federal Bureau of Investigation's investigation into the Watergate break-ins.

1969 - IBM announces that effective January 1970 it will price its software and services separately from hardware thus creating the modern software industry.

1969 - Warren E. Burger is sworn in as Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court by retiring Chief Justice Earl Warren.

1968 - Seventy-four people were killed and 150 other injured in a stampede at a football match between Boca Juniors and Club Atletico River Plate in
Buenos Aires, Argentina.

1967 - Cold War: U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson meets with Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin in Glassboro, New Jersey for the three-day Glassboro Summit Conference.

1961 - The Antarctic Treaty System, which sets aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve and limits military activity on the continent, its
islands and ice shelves, comes into force.

1960 - The United States Food and Drug Administration declares Enovid to be the first officially approved combined oral contraceptive pill in the world.

1959 - Convicted Manhattan Project spy Klaus Fuchs is released after only
nine years in prison and allowed to emigrate to Dresden, East Germany where
he resumes a scientific career.

1956 - The French National Assembly takes the first step in creating the French Community by passing the Loi Cadre, transferring a number of powers from Paris to elected territorial governments in French West Africa.

1951 - The ocean liner SS United States is christened and launched.

1947 - The United States Senate follows the United States House of Representatives in overriding U.S. President Harry S. Truman's veto of the Taft-Hartley Act.

1946 - The 1946 Vancouver Island earthquake strikes Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada.

1944 - An F4 tornado tears through the Appalachian Mountains, killing over
100 people in West Virginia, particularly in the town of Shinnston.

1942 - World War II: Germany's latest fighter aircraft, a Focke-Wulf Fw 190, is captured intact when it mistakenly lands at RAF Pembrey in Wales.

1941 - The Lithuanian Activist Front declares independence from the Soviet Union and forms the Provisional Government of Lithuania; it lasts only
briefly as the Nazis will occupy Lithuania a few weeks later.

1940 - Henry Larsen begins the first successful west-to-east navigation of Northwest Passage from Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

1940 - Adolf Hitler goes on a three-hour tour of the architecture of Paris with architect Albert Speer and sculptor Arno Breker in his only visit to the city.

1938 - The Civil Aeronautics Act is signed into law, forming the Civil Aeronautics Authority in the United States.

1931 - Wiley Post and Harold Gatty take off from Roosevelt Field, Long Island in an attempt to circumnavigate the world in a single-engine plane.

1926 - The College Board administers the first SAT exam.

1925 - Shameen Incident: British Army and French Army soldiers stationed in the concession of Shameen open fire on Chinese protesters, resulting in at least 52 deaths.

1919 - Estonian War of Independence: The decisive defeat of the Baltische Landeswehr in the Battle of Cesis; this date is celebrated as Victory Day in Estonia.

1917 - In a game against the Washington Senators, Boston Red Sox pitcher
Ernie Shore retires 26 batters in a row after replacing Babe Ruth, who had been ejected for punching the umpire.

1914 - Mexican Revolution: Pancho Villa takes Zacatecas from Victoriano Huerta.

1913 - Second Balkan War: The Greeks defeat the Bulgarians in the Battle of Doiran.

1908 - The Persian Cossack Brigade bombards the building of the National Consultative Assembly of Iran (Majles), killing hundreds of civilians.

1894 - The International Olympic Committee is founded at the Sorbonne in Paris, at the initiative of Baron Pierre de Coubertin.

1887 - The Rocky Mountains Park Act becomes law in Canada creating the nation's first national park, Banff National Park.

1868 - Christopher Latham Sholes received a patent for an invention he called the "Type-Writer".

1865 - American Civil War: At Fort Towson in the Oklahoma Territory, Confederate Brigadier General Stand Watie surrenders the last significant Confederate army.

1860 - The United States Congress establishes the Government Printing Office.

1812 - War of 1812: Great Britain revokes the restrictions on American commerce, thus eliminating one of the chief reasons for going to war.

1810 - John Jacob Astor forms the Pacific Fur Company.

1794 - Empress Catherine II of Russia grants Jews permission to settle in Kyiv.

1780 - American Revolution: Battle of Springfield fought in and around Springfield, New Jersey (including Short Hills, formerly of Springfield, now of Millburn Township).

1760 - Seven Years' War: Battle of Landeshut: Austria defeats Prussia.

1758 - Seven Years' War: Battle of Krefeld: British, Hanoverian, and Prussian forces defeat French troops at Krefeld in Germany.

1757 - Battle of Plassey: Three thousand British troops under Robert Clive defeat a 50,000-strong Indian army under Siraj ud-Daulah at Plassey.

1713 - The French residents of Acadia are given one year to declare
allegiance to Britain or leave Nova Scotia, Canada.

1683 - William Penn signs a friendship treaty with Lenape Indians in Pennsylvania.

1611 - The mutinous crew of Henry Hudson's fourth voyage sets Henry, his son and seven loyal crew members adrift in an open boat in what is now Hudson
Bay; they are never heard from again.

1594 - The Action of Faial, Azores. The Portuguese carrack Cinco Chagas, loaded with slaves and treasure, is attacked and sunk by English ships with only 13 survivors out of over 700 on board.

1565 - Dragut, commander of the Ottoman navy, dies during the Great Siege of Malta.

1532 - Henry VIII of England and Francis I of France sign the "Treaty of Closer Amity With France" (also known as the Pommeraye treaty), pledging mutual aid against Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor.

1314 - First War of Scottish Independence: The Battle of Bannockburn (south
of Stirling) begins.

1305 - A peace treaty between the Flemish and the French is signed at Athis-sur-Orge.

1287 - The Aragonese fleet under Roger of Lauria defeats a Angevin fleet in the Battle of the Counts close to Naples.

1280 - The Spanish Reconquista: In the Battle of Moclin the Emirate of
Granada ambush a superior pursuing force, killing most of them in a military disaster for the Kingdom of Castile.

1266 - War of Saint Sabas: In the Battle of Trapani, the Venetians defeat a larger Genoese fleet, capturing all its ships.

229 - Sun Quan proclaims himself emperor of Eastern Wu.

--- Temp: 22°C | Humidity: 66% | Wind: 0 km/h (gust 0) | Pressure: 1019.30 mb
* Origin: Northern Realms (618:400/23)

This Day in History
-------------------

2023 - The Wagner Group led by Yevgeny Prigozhin launches an insurrection against the Russian government.

2022 - In Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, the U.S. Supreme
Court rules that the U.S. Constitution does not assign the authority to regulate abortions to the federal government, thereby returning such
authority to the individual states. This overturns the prior decisions in Roe v. Wade (1973) and Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992).

2021 - The Champlain Towers South condominium in Surfside, Florida suffers a sudden partial collapse, killing 98 people inside.

2013 - Former Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi is found guilty of abusing his power and engaging in sex with an underage prostitute, and is sentenced to seven years in prison.

2012 - Death of Lonesome George, the last known individual of Chelonoidis nigra abingdonii, a subspecies of the Galapagos tortoise.

2010 - Julia Gillard assumes office as the first female Prime Minister of Australia.

2010 - At Wimbledon, John Isner of the United States defeats Nicolas Mahut of France, in the longest match in professional tennis history.

2004 - In New York, capital punishment is declared unconstitutional.

2002 - The Igandu train disaster in Tanzania kills 281, the worst train accident in African history.

1995 - Rugby World Cup: South Africa defeats New Zealand and Nelson Mandela presents Francois Pienaar with the Webb Ellis Cup in an iconic post-apartheid moment.

1994 - A Boeing B-52 Stratofortress crashes at Fairchild Air Force Base near Spokane, Washington, killing four.

1989 - Jiang Zemin succeeds Zhao Ziyang to become the General Secretary of
the Chinese Communist Party after the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre.

1982 - "The Jakarta Incident": British Airways Flight 009 flies into a cloud of volcanic ash thrown up by the eruption of Mount Galunggung, resulting in the failure of all four engines.

1981 - The Humber Bridge opens to traffic, connecting Yorkshire and Lincolnshire. It remained the world's longest bridge span for 17 years.

1978 - Ahmad al-Ghashmi, the president of the Yemen Arab Republic, is killed when a bomb exploded in a suitcase carried by a South Yemeni envoy.

1975 - Eastern Air Lines Flight 66 encounters severe wind shear and crashes
on final approach to New York's JFK Airport killing 113 of the 124 passengers on board, making it the deadliest U.S. plane crash at the time. This accident led to decades of research into downburst and microburst phenomena and their effects on aircraft.

1973 - The UpStairs Lounge arson attack takes place at a gay bar located on the second floor of the three-story building at 141 Chartres Street in the French Quarter of New Orleans, Louisiana, US. Thirty-two people die as a result of fire or smoke inhalation.

1963 - The United Kingdom grants Zanzibar internal self-government.

1960 - Venezuelan President Romulo Betancourt is injured in an assassination attempt.

1957 - In Roth v. United States, the U.S. Supreme Court rules that obscenity is not protected by the First Amendment.

1954 - First Indochina War: Battle of Mang Yang Pass: Viet Minh troops belonging to the 803rd Regiment ambush G.M. 100 of France in An Khe.

1950 - Apartheid: In South Africa, the Group Areas Act is passed, formally segregating races.

1949 - The first television western, Hopalong Cassidy, starring William Boyd, is aired on NBC.

1948 - Cold War: Start of the Berlin Blockade: The Soviet Union makes
overland travel between West Germany and West Berlin impossible.

1947 - Kenneth Arnold makes the first widely reported UFO sighting near Mount Rainier, Washington.

1945 - The first Victory Day Parade takes place on Red Square in Moscow, Soviet Union, symbolizing the victory of the Soviet Union over Nazi Germany.

1943 - US military police attempt to arrest a black soldier in Bamber Bridge, England, sparking the Battle of Bamber Bridge mutiny that leaves one dead and seven wounded.

1940 - World War II: Operation Collar, the first British Commando raid on occupied France, by No 11 Independent Company.

1939 - Siam is renamed Thailand by Plaek Phibunsongkhram, the country's third prime minister.

1938 - Pieces of a meteorite land near Chicora, Pennsylvania. The meteorite
is estimated to have weighed 450 metric tons when it hit the Earth's atmosphere and exploded.

1932 - A bloodless revolution instigated by the People's Party ends the absolute power of King Prajadhipok of Siam (now Thailand).

1922 - The American Professional Football Association is renamed the National Football League.

1918 - First airmail service in Canada from Montreal to Toronto.

1916 - Mary Pickford becomes the first female film star to sign a million-dollar contract.

1913 - Greece and Serbia annul their alliance with Bulgaria.

1894 - Assassination of the French President, Sadi Carnot by Sante Caserio during the Ere des attentats (1892-1894).

1880 - First performance of O Canada at the Congres national des Canadiens-Francais. The song would later become the national anthem of
Canada.

1866 - Battle of Custoza: An Austrian army defeats the Italian army during
the Austro-Prussian War.

1859 - Battle of Solferino (Battle of the Three Sovereigns): Sardinia and France defeat Austria in Solferino, northern Italy.

1839 - An Egyptian army under Ibrahim Pascha routs an Ottoman army under
Hafiz Pasha in the battle of Nezib.

1821 - Battle of Carabobo: Decisive battle in the war of independence of Venezuela from Spain.

1813 - Battle of Beaver Dams: A British and Indian combined force defeats the United States Army.

1812 - Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon's Grande Armee crosses the Neman river beginning the invasion of Russia.

1793 - The first Republican constitution in France is adopted.

1779 - American Revolutionary War: The Great Siege of Gibraltar begins.

1762 - Battle of Wilhelmsthal: The British-Hanoverian army of Ferdinand of Brunswick defeats French forces in Westphalia.

1724 - On the Feast of St. John the Baptist, Bach leads the first performance of his Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam, BWV 7, the third cantata of his chorale cantata cycle.

1717 - The Premier Grand Lodge of England is founded in London, the first Masonic Grand Lodge in the world (now the United Grand Lodge of England).

1713 - The treaty of Adrianople ends the Russo-Ottoman War of 1711-1713,
which restores territory to the Ottomans while allowing the Russians to focus on their war against the Swedes.

1663 - The Spanish garrison of Evora capitulates, following the Portuguese victory at the Battle of Ameixial.

1622 - Battle of Macau: The Dutch make a failed attempt to capture Macau.

1604 - Samuel de Champlain encounters the mouth of the Saint John River, site of Reversing Falls and the present-day city of Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada.

1593 - The Dutch city of Geertruidenberg held by the Spanish, capitulates to
a besieging Dutch and English army led by Maurice of Nassau.

1571 - Miguel Lopez de Legazpi conquers Manila for Spain, modern day capital of the Philippines.

1540 - English King Henry VIII commands his fourth wife, Anne of Cleves, to leave the court.

1535 - The Anabaptist state of Munster is conquered and disbanded.

1520 - The Field of the Cloth of Gold, a summit meeting between Henry VIII of England and Francis I of France, ends.

1509 - Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon are crowned King and Queen of England.

1497 - John Cabot lands in North America at Newfoundland leading the first European exploration of the region since the Vikings.

1374 - A sudden outbreak of St. John's Dance causes people in the streets of Aachen, Germany, to experience hallucinations and begin to jump and twitch uncontrollably until they collapse from exhaustion.

1340 - Hundred Years' War: Battle of Sluys: The French fleet is almost completely destroyed by the English fleet commanded personally by King Edward III.

1314 - First War of Scottish Independence: The Battle of Bannockburn
concludes with a decisive victory by Scottish forces led by Robert the Bruce.

1230 - The Siege of Jaen begins, in the context of the Spanish Reconquista.

1128 - Battle of Sao Mamede, near Guimaraes: Forces led by Afonso I defeat forces led by his mother Teresa of Leon and her lover Fernando Perez de
Traba.

972 - Battle of Cedynia, the first documented victory of Polish forces, takes place.

843 - The Vikings sack the French city of Nantes.

637 - The Battle of Moira is fought between the High King of Ireland and the Kings of Ulster and Dal Riata. It is claimed to be the largest battle in the history of Ireland.

474 - Julius Nepos forces Roman usurper Glycerius to abdicate the throne and proclaims himself Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.

109 - Roman emperor Trajan inaugurates the Aqua Traiana, an aqueduct that channels water from Lake Bracciano, 40 kilometres (25 miles) northwest of Rome.

1312 BC - Mursili II launches a campaign against the Kingdom of Azzi-Hayasa.

--- Temp: 23°C | Humidity: 59% | Wind: 0 km/h (gust 1) | Pressure: 1020.66 mb
* Origin: Northern Realms (618:400/23)

This Day in History
-------------------

2024 - Thousands of people storm Kenya's Parliament Buildings protesting the passing of the government's 2024/25 Finance Bill.

2022 - Two people are killed and 21 more injured after a gunman opens fire at three sites in Oslo in a suspected Islamist anti-LGBTQ+ attack.

2022 - Russo-Ukrainian War: The Battle of Sievierodonetsk ends after weeks of heavy fighting with the Russian capture of the city, leading to the Battle of Lysychansk.

2022 - The prime minister of Bangladesh, Sheikh Hasina inaugurates the
longest bridge of Bangladesh, Padma Bridge.

2007 - PMTair Flight 241 crashes in the Damrei Mountains in Kampot Province, Cambodia, killing all 22 people on board.

1998 - In Clinton v. City of New York, the United States Supreme Court
decides that the Line Item Veto Act of 1996 is unconstitutional.

1997 - The National Hockey League approved expansion franchises for Nashville (1998), Atlanta (1999), Columbus (2000), and Minneapolis-Saint Paul (2000).

1997 - An uncrewed Progress spacecraft collides with the Russian space
station Mir.

1996 - American rapper Jay-Z releases his debut album, Reasonable Doubt.

1996 - The Khobar Towers bombing in Saudi Arabia kills 19 U.S. servicemen.

1993 - Kim Campbell is sworn in as the first female Prime Minister of Canada.

1992 - Space Shuttle Columbia launches on STS-50, the first shuttle mission
to carry Extended Duration Orbiter hardware.

1991 - The breakup of Yugoslavia begins when Slovenia and Croatia declare their independence from Yugoslavia.

1981 - Microsoft is restructured to become an incorporated business in its home state of Washington.

1978 - The rainbow flag representing gay pride is flown for the first time during the San Francisco Gay Freedom Day Parade.

1976 - Missouri Governor Kit Bond issues an executive order rescinding the Extermination Order, formally apologizing on behalf of the state of Missouri for the suffering it had caused to members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

1975 - Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declares a state of internal emergency in India.

1975 - Mozambique achieves independence from Portugal.

1960 - Cold War: Two cryptographers working for the United States National Security Agency left for vacation to Mexico, and from there defected to the Soviet Union.

1950 - The Korean War begins with the invasion of South Korea by North Korea.

1948 - The United States Congress passes the Displaced Persons Act to allow World War II refugees to immigrate to the United States above quota restrictions.

1947 - The Diary of a Young Girl (better known as The Diary of Anne Frank) is published.

1944 - The final page of the comic Krazy Kat is published, exactly two months after its author George Herriman died.

1944 - World War II: United States Navy and British Royal Navy ships bombard Cherbourg to support United States Army units engaged in the Battle of Cherbourg.

1944 - World War II: The Battle of Tali-Ihantala, the largest battle ever fought in the Nordic countries, begins.

1943 - The left-wing German Jewish exile Arthur Goldstein is murdered in Auschwitz.

1943 - The Holocaust and World War II: Jews in the Czestochowa Ghetto in Poland stage an uprising against the Nazis.

1941 - World War II: The Continuation War between the Soviet Union and Finland, supported by Nazi Germany, began.

1940 - World War II: The French armistice with Nazi Germany comes into effect.

1938 - Dr. Douglas Hyde is inaugurated as the first President of Ireland.

1935 - Colombia-Soviet Union relations are established.

1913 - American Civil War veterans begin arriving at the Great Reunion of 1913.

1910 - Igor Stravinsky's ballet The Firebird is premiered in Paris, bringing him to prominence as a composer.

1910 - The United States Congress passes the Mann Act, which prohibits interstate transport of women or girls for "immoral purposes"; the ambiguous language would be used to selectively prosecute people for years to come.

1906 - Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania millionaire Harry Thaw shoots and kills prominent architect Stanford White.

1900 - The Taoist monk Wang Yuanlu discovers the Dunhuang manuscripts, a
cache of ancient texts that are of great historical and religious significance, in the Mogao Caves of Dunhuang, China.

1876 - American Indian Wars: Battle of the Little Bighorn: 300 men of the
U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment under Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer
are wiped out by 5,000 Lakota, Cheyenne and Arapaho, led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse.

1848 - A photograph of the June Days uprising becomes the first known
instance of photojournalism.

1788 - Virginia becomes the tenth state to ratify the United States Constitution.

1786 - Gavriil Pribylov discovers St. George Island of the Pribilof Islands
in the Bering Sea.

1741 - Maria Theresa is crowned Queen of Hungary.

1678 - Venetian Elena Cornaro Piscopia is the first woman awarded a doctorate of philosophy when she graduates from the University of Padua.

1658 - Spanish forces fail to retake Jamaica at the Battle of Rio Nuevo
during the Anglo-Spanish War.

1530 - At the Diet of Augsburg the Augsburg Confession is presented to the Holy Roman Emperor by the Lutheran princes and Electors of Germany.

1401 - Schaffhausen massacre: 30 Jews were executed, following torture, after being accused of a blood libel in Schaffhausen (in present-day Switzerland).

1357 - The English defeat a French fleet which aimed to bring relief to the besieged Calais in the battle of Crotoy.

1258 - War of Saint Sabas: In the Battle of Acre, the Venetians defeat a larger Genoese fleet sailing to relieve Acre.

841 - In the Battle of Fontenay-en-Puisaye, forces led by Charles the Bald
and Louis the German defeat the armies of Lothair I of Italy and Pepin II of Aquitaine.

524 - The Franks are defeated by the Burgundians in the Battle of Vezeronce.

--- Temp: 17°C | Humidity: 89% | Wind: 0 km/h (gust 0) | Pressure: 1017.61 mb
* Origin: Northern Realms (618:400/23)